DEFENDING DEMOCRACY IN EXILE Policy Responses to Transnational Repression Endnotes 1 “Alexander Litvinenko: Profile of a murdered Russian spy,” British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), January 21, 2016, https://www.bbc.com/news/ uk-19647226. 12 See “Heridos un opositor de Guinea Ecuatorial y su hijo tras ser tiroteados en Londres, [An opponent from Equatorial Guinea and his son injured after being shot in London],” Europress, October 5, 20-19, https://www. europapress.es/internacional/noticia-heridos-opositor-guinea-ecuatorialhijo-ser-tiroteados-londres-20181005221437.html; Ghanem al-Masarir, “Saudi Arabia has had complete access to my private life. So now I’m suing.” Washington Post, January 25, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost. com/opinions/saudi-arabia-has-been-spying-on-me-for-years-so-imsuing/2020/01/25/0fa55462-3f00-11ea-8872-5df698785a4e_story.html; others are described below. 13 2 The Home Office. Legislation to Counter State Threats (Hostile State Activity), 2021, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/ system/uploads/attachment_data/file/986013/Consultation_Document_-_ Legislation_to_Counter_State_Threats.pdf. Secunder Kermani, “British ‘hitman’ found guilty of plotting to kill Pakistani activist,” BBC, 28 January 2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/ world-asia-60157677 Sam Jones, “Diaspora tax for Eritreans living in UK investigated by Metropolitan police,” The Guardian, June 9, 2015, https:// www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jun/09/ eritrea-diaspora-tax-uk-investigated-metropolitan-police. “In focus: Magnitsky sanctions,” June 18, 2021, https://lordslibrary.parliament. uk/magnitsky-sanctions/. 14 UK Government, “UK imposes sanctions on Belarus following forced landing of Ryanair flight,” June 21, 2021, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ uk-imposes-sanctions-on-belarus-following-forced-landing-of-ryanair-flight#. 15 3 Security Service, MI5, “Director General Ken McCallum gives annual threat update 2021,” https://www.mi5.gov.uk/news/ director-general-ken-mccallum-gives-annual-threat-update-2021?utm. Sam Jones, “Diaspora tax for Eritreans living in UK investigated by Metropolitan police,” The Guardian, June 9, 2015, https:// www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jun/09/ eritrea-diaspora-tax-uk-investigated-metropolitan-police. 16 4 HM Government, National Risk Register: 2020 edition, https:// assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/952959/6.6920_CO_CCS_s_National_Risk_ Register_2020_11-1-21-FINAL.pdf 5 Prime Minister’s Office, The Queen’s Speech 2021, May 11, 2021, https://assets. publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_ data/file/986770/Queen_s_Speech_2021_-_Background_Briefing_Notes..pdf. 6 HM Government, Global Britain in a competitive age: The Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy, March 2021, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/975077/ Global_Britain_in_a_Competitive_Age-_the_Integrated_Review_of_Security__ Defence__Development_and_Foreign_Policy.pdf 7 The Home Office. Legislation to Counter State Threats (Hostile State Activity), 2021, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/ system/uploads/attachment_data/file/986013/Consultation_Document_-_ Legislation_to_Counter_State_Threats.pdf 8 Parents against child exploitation (PACE), “Osman warning,” https://paceuk. info/criminal-exploitation/osman-warning/. 9 Josh Kron and Jeffrey Gettleman, “British Police Warn Rwandan Dissidents of Threat,” The New York Times, May 19, 2011, https://www.nytimes. com/2011/05/20/world/africa/20rwanda.html Cahal Milmo, “Rwandan wedding guest told to stop harassing dissidents in the UK,” Independent, April 29, 2011, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ uk/home-news/rwandan-wedding-guest-told-to-stop-harassing-dissidentsin-uk-2276425.html. 17 Andrew Harding, “The loyalty oath keeps Rwandans abroad in check,” BBC, November 18, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54801979. 18 Nate Schenkkan and Isabel Linzer, “Rwanda: Transnational Repression Origin Country Case Study,” in Out of Sight, Not Out of Reach: The Global Scale and Scope of Transnational Repression, (Washington, D.C.: Freedom House, February 2021), https://freedomhouse.org/report/ transnational-repression/rwanda. 19 Ange Iliza, “UK approves Rwandan envoy ahead of Commonwealth meet,” The East African, March 18, 2022, https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/ uk-approves-rwandan-envoy-ahead-of-commonwealth-meet-3753064. 20 “Rwandan president removes justice minister amid ‘Hotel Rwanda’ hero trial,” Reuters, September 1, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/ rwandan-president-removes-justice-minister-amid-hotel-rwanda-herotrial-2021-09-01/. 21 Phil Miller, “UK Spooks Involved in Controversial Police Training Scheme for Dictatorship,” Vice, July 4, 2018, https://www.vice.com/en/article/bj3wmd/ uk-spooks-involved-in-controversial-police-training-scheme-for-dictatorship. 22 10 Kiyya Baloch and Mark Townsend, “Dissident Pakistani exiles in UK ‘on hit list’,” The Guardian, August 7, 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/ aug/07/dissident-pakistani-exiles-in-uk-on-hit-list. 11 10 @FreedomHouse UK Parliament, “Gulf States: Human Rights” Hansard, Volume 788, February 8, 2018, https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/2018-02-08/debates/8930DB1C1851-46A6-85B9-617FC09BA13A/GulfStatesHumanRights?highlight=sayed%20 alwadaei#contribution-4ED836ED-8286-476C-BB38-1A1F01E1E37C; UK Parliament, “Bahrain,” Hansard, Volume 646, September 11, 2018, https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2018-09-11/debates/ D741EBB4-DB9C-4F66-AF85-B0E1043E5214/Bahrain?highlight=sayed%20 alwadaei#contribution-A06DADCD-F7BA-4EC7-9E6A-39E31177327D. 23 #TransnationalRepression