Freedom House Javier C Hernández, “I.C.C. Won’t Investigate China’s Detention of Muslims,” The New York Times, December 15, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/15/ world/asia/icc-china-uighur-muslim.html. 103 Helen Davidson, “Chinese agents operating abroad to get Uyghurs deported, ICC told,” The Guardian, November 11, 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/11/ chinese-agents-operating-abroad-to-get-uyghurs-deported-icc-told. 104 Freedom House research found documentation gaps, notably in Africa and Latin America. See section on renditions in Central and East Africa in Rwanda case study https://freedomhouse.org/report/transnational-repression/rwanda. 105 Adrian Shahbaz and Allie Funk, “Social Media Surveillance,” Freedom on the Net, Freedom House, 2019, https://freedomhouse.org/report/ freedom-on-the-net/2019/the-crisis-of-social-media/social-media-surveillance. 106 Muyi Xiao and Paul Mozur, “A Digital Manhunt: How Chinese Police Track Critics on Twitter and Facebook,” The New York Times, December 31, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/31/technology/china-internet-policetwitter.html. 107 Noura Al-Jizawi, Siena Anstis, Sophie Barnett, Sharly Chan, Niamh Leonard, Adam Senft, and Ron Deirbert, “Psychological and Emotional War: Digital Transnational Repression in Canada,” Citizen Lab March 1, 2022, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Report151dtr_022822.pdf.; Marcus Michaelsen, “The Digital Transnational Repression Toolkit, and Its Silencing Effects,” in “Perspectives on ‘Everyday’ Transnational Repression in an Age of Globalization,” Freedom House, June 2020, https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2020/ digital-transnational-repression-toolkit-and-its-silencing-effects. 108 Ryan Gallagher, “‘Zero-Click’ Hacks Are Growing in Popularity. There’s Practically No Way to Stop Them,” Bloomberg, February 17, 2022, https://www. bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-02-17/-zero-click-hacks-by-nso-group-andothers-growing-in-popularity. 120 Nate Schenkkan and Isabel Linzer, “Out of Sight, Not Out of Reach: The Global Scale and Scope of Transnational Repression,” Freedom House, February 2021, https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/Complete_FH_ TransnationalRepressionReport2021_rev020221.pdf. 121 Stephanie Kirchgaessner, “New evidence suggests spyware used to surveil Emirati activist Alaa Al-Siddiq,” The Guardian, September 24, 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/24/ new-evidence-suggests-spyware-used-to-surveil-emirati-activist-alaa-al-siddiq. 122 Stephanie Kirchgaessner, “Hotel Rwanda activist’s daughter placed under Pegasus surveillance,” The Guardian, July 19, 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/ news/2021/jul/19/hotel-rwanda-activist-daughter-pegasus-surveillance. 123 “Rwanda: Transnational Repression Case Study,” in Schenkkan and Linzer “Out of Sight, Not Out of Reach,” Freedom House, February 2021, https:// freedomhouse.org/report/transnational-repression/rwanda..; Citizen Lab, “NSO Group/Q Cyber Technologies: Over One Hundred New Abuse Cases,” October 29, 2019, https://citizenlab.ca/2019/10/nso-q-cyber-technologies-100-new-abusecases/.; Mehul Srivastava, “WhatsApp voice calls used to inject Israeli spyware on phones,” Financial Times, May 13, 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/4da1117e756c-11e9-be7d-6d846537acab.; Nicole Perlroth and Ronen Bergman, “WhatsApp Rushes to Fix Security Flaw Exposed in Hacking of Lawyer’s Phone,” The New York Times, May 13, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/13/technology/nsogroup-whatsapp-spying.html. 124 United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Spyware scandal: UN experts call for moratorium on sale of ‘life threatening surveillance tech,” August 12, 2021, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2021/08/spywarescandal-un-experts-call-moratorium-sale-life-threatening?LangID=E&New sID=27379. 125 109 Freedom House interview with Kashmiri academic, February 2022. 110 Freedom House interview with Pastor A Ga, February 2022, 111 Freedom House interview with Mohamed Soltan, February 2022. “Saudi Arabia: Transnational Repression Case Study,” in Schenkkan and Linzer “Out of Sight, Not Out of Reach,” Freedom House, February 2021, https://freedomhouse.org/report/transnational-repression/ saudi-arabia.; Murtaza Hussain, “‘A Government that has Killed People for Less’: Pro-Saudi Social Media Swarms Leave Critics in Fear,” The Intercept, August 1, 2021, https://theintercept.com/2021/08/01/ saudi-arabia-twitter-harassment-jamal-khashoggi/. 112 113 Freedom House interview with Claude Gatebuke, January 2022. 114 Freedom House interview with Areej Al Sadhan, February 2022. Freedom House interview with a US-based Kashmiri academic, January 2022. 115 Meta, “Expanding Facebook Protect to More Countries,” December 2, 2021, https://about.fb.com/news/2021/12/ expanding-facebook-protect-to-more-countries/. 116 Google Advanced Protection Program. https://landing.google.com/ advancedprotection/; Freedom House interviews with victims of transnational repression and conversations with technology companies, 2022. 117 118 Freedom House interview with Samuel Chu, February 2022. 119 Freedom House interview with Ferkat Jawdat, February 2022. Bureau of Industry and Security, US Department of Commerce, “EAR ‘cyber rule’ FAQs,” https://www.bis.doc.gov/index.php/documents/pdfs/2872cyber-tools-le-ace-faqs-final-version-nov-2021/file.; Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration, excerpt from “Federal Register Vol. 86, No. 201,” October 21, 2021, https://www.govinfo. gov/content/pkg/FR-2021-10-21/pdf/2021-22774.pdf ; Bureau of Industry and Security, US Department of Commerce, “License Exceptions, Supplement No 1 to Part 740-page 1,” https://www.bis.doc.gov/index.php/documents/ regulations-docs/2255-supplement-no-1-to-part-740-country-groups-1/file.; Intrusion software is defined as software that covertly extracts data from or allows control over a computer or other device, via National Archives, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 15, “Section 772.1 Definitions of terms as used in the Export Administration Regulations (EAR),” last amended April 14, 2022, https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-15/subtitle-B/chapter-VII/subchapter-C/ part-772/section-772.1. 126 Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration, excerpt from “Federal Register Vol. 86, No. 211,” November 4, 2021, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2021-11-04/pdf/2021-24123.pdf.; Drew Harwell, Ellen Nakashima, and Craig Timberg, “Biden administration blacklists NSO Group over Pegasus spyware,” The Washington Post, November 3, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/11/03/ pegasus-nso-entity-list-spyware/. 127 freedomhouse.org 41