DEFENDING DEMOCRACY IN EXILE Policy Responses to Transnational Repression 25 Ayca Alemdaroglu and Sultan Tepe, “Erdogan Is Turning Turkey Into a Chinese Client State,” Foreign Policy, September 16, 2020, https://foreignpolicy. com/2020/09/16/erdogan-is-turning-turkey-into-a-chinese-client-state/. 38 France 24, “China announces ratification of extradition treaty with Turkey,” December 28, 2020, https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20201228-chinaannounces-ratification-of-extradition-treaty-with-turkey; Asim Kashgarian and Ezel Sahinkaya, “Analysts: Extradition Treaty Between Turkey, China Endangers Uighur Refugees,” Voice of America, January 7, 2021, https://www.voanews. com/a/east-asia-pacific_analysts-extradition-treaty-between-turkey-chinaendangers-uighur-refugees/6200467.html. 39 26 Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, “Turkish Foreign Minister Brings Up ‘Sensitivities’ of Uyghur Treatment In Visit To China,” January 12, 2022, https:// www.rferl.org/a/turkey-china-visit-uyghurs-cavusoglu/31651339.html. Human Rights First, “Protecting Postpones: Asylum Office Backlogs Cause Suffering, Separate Families, and Undermine Integration,” April 2021, https:// www.humanrightsfirst.org/sites/default/files/Protection_Postponed.pdf. Aline Barros, “Explainer: What is Title 42 and Its Effect on US Southern Border?” Voice of America, April 7, 2022, https://www. voanews.com/a/explainer-what-is-title-42-and-its-effect-on-us-southernborder-/6518286.html. Department of State, Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration, Office of Admissions, Refugee Processing Center, “Refugee Admissions Report 2021,” https://www.wrapsnet.org/admissions-and-arrivals/. 40 27 Reuters, “Turkish leader calls Xinjiang killings ‘genocide’,” July 10, 2009, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-china-sb/ turkish-leader-calls-xinjiang-killings-genocide-idUSTRE56957D20090710. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, “Refugee Population Statistics Database,” Accessed January 2022, https://www.unhcr.org/ refugee-statistics/. 41 28 Freedom House, “Freedom in the World 2021: Turkmenistan,” https:// freedomhouse.org/country/turkmenistan/freedom-world/2021. 29 Memorial Human Rights Center, “Туркменские активисты задержаны за попытку провести в Стамбуле акцию протеста против политики Бердымухамедова [Turkmen activists detained for trying to hold a protest in Istanbul against Berdimuhamedov’s policies],” February 8, 2021, https://memohrc.org/ru/ news_old/turkmenskie-aktivisty-zaderzhany-za-popytku-provesti-v-stambuleakciyu-protesta-protiv. 30 Bruce Pannier, “Pressure Builds on Turkmen Activists in Turkey,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, October 19, 2021, https://www.rferl.org/a/turkmenistanpersecution-opposition-turkey/31518967.html. 31 Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, “Wife of Turkmen Opposition Activist Says Ashgabat Has Given Arrest List to Turkey,” October 20, 2021, https://www.rferl.org/a/turkmenistan-arrest-list-turkey/31520645.html; Human Rights Watch, “Pressure on Turkmen Nationals in Turkey Must be Stopped,” November 2, 2021, https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/02/ pressure-turkmen-nationals-turkey-must-be-stopped. 32 Serdar Aytakov, “Туркменское колесо в турецкой телеге [Turkmen Wheel in Turkish Cart],” Nezavisimaya, March 10, 2021, https://www. ng.ru/courier/2021-10-03/11_8267_turkmenia.html. 306 detentions and 162 unlawful deportations, out of 735 total cases. Freedom House Transnational Repression Database, Version 3. 42 389 of 734 cases involved accusations of terrorism and/or extremism. Freedom House Transnational Repression Database, Version 3. 43 Human Rights Watch. “Serbia: Bahraini Dissident Unlawfully Extradited,” January 27, 2022, https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/01/27/ serbia-bahraini-dissident-unlawfully-extradited#. 44 United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Mandates of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial or arbitrary executions and the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of punishment,” document reference UA BAR 1/2017, January 19, 2017, https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/ DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=22944; Amnesty International, “Bahrain: First executions in more than six years a shocking blow to human rights,” January 15, 2017, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/01/ bahrain-first-executions-in-more-than-six-years-a-shocking-blow-tohuman-rights/. 45 Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, “Austria’s Supreme Court Invalidates Extradition of Tajik Activist,” July 10, 2020, https://www.rferl.org/a/ austria-s-supreme-court-invalidates-extradition-of-tajik-activist-now-sittingin-dushanbe-jail/30719527.html. 46 33 Nate Schenkkan and Isabel Linzer, “Out of Sight, Not Out of Reach: The Global Scale and Scope of Transnational Repression,” Freedom House, February 2021, https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/Complete_ FH_TransnationalRepressionReport2021_rev020221.pdf. 34 Safak Timur and Ben Hubbard, “Turkey Transfers Khashoggi Murder Trial to Saudi Arabia,” The New York Times, April 7, 2022, https://www.nytimes. com/2022/04/07/world/middleeast/khashoggi-murder-trial-turkey-saudiarabia.html. 35 UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency, “Turkey Fact Sheet,” September 2021, https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Bi-annual%20fact%20 sheet%202021%2009%20Turkey%20ENG.pdf. 36 Amnesty International, “Libya/EU: Conditions remain ‘hellish’ as EU marks 5 years of cooperation,” January 31, 2022, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/ news/2022/01/libya-eu-conditions-remain-hellish-as-eu-marks-5-years-ofcooperation-agreements/. 37 38 @FreedomHouse United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, “UN experts deplore rights violations against Burundi refugees,” April 13, 2021, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2021/04/un-experts-deplore-rightsviolations-against-burundi-refugees?LangID=E&NewsID=26990. 47 Cara Anna and Eloge Willy Kaneza, “Report alleges Burundian refugees were disappeared,” Associated Press, November 30, 2020, https://apnews.com/article/ burundi-kenya-tanzania-africa-355c20a384e2603ea231503990ee3abc. 48 Amnesty International, “Tanzania: Confidential document shows forced repatriation of Burundi refugees imminent,” September 6, 2019, https:// www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/09/tanzania-confidential-documentshows-forced-repatriation-of-burundi-refugees-imminent/; Clayton Boeyink and Jean-Benoît Falisse, “Kicking Refugees Out Makes Everyone Less Safe,” Foreign Policy, February 18, 2021, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/02/18/ tanzania-burundi-kicking-refugees-out-makes-everyone-less-safe/. 49 Vivian Song, “ ‘They Tried To Cut Out My Tongue’: Blogger Survives Brutal Street Attack,” Vice World News, March 19, 2021, https://www.vice.com/en/ article/v7mww9/mahammad-mirzali-attack-france-azerbaijan. 50 #TransnationalRepression