DEFENDING DEMOCRACY IN EXILE:
POLICY RESPONSES TO
TRANSNATIONAL REPRESSION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Defending Democracy in Exile........................................................................
1
Stifling Dissent in 2021....................................................................................
3
Tracking Physical Transnational Repression.................................................
9
Examining Policy Responses to Transnational Repression ..........................
10
Mapping Transnational Repression................................................................
18
Protecting Human Rights at International Organizations............................ 20
Countering Digital Transnational Repression................................................ 26
Policy Recommendations................................................................................
33
For governments.................................................................................................. 33
For civil society..................................................................................................... 35
For UN member states........................................................................................ 35
For technology companies................................................................................. 35
About the Project............................................................................................
36
Endnotes..........................................................................................................
37
ON THE COVER
Cover photo credits: Samad/AFP via
Getty Images; Lapinski/NurPhoto via
Shutterstock; Bozoglu/EPA-EFE via
Shutterstock; Webster via Shutterstock;
Ann/Stringer via Getty Images; Secchi via
Getty Images.
SUGGESTED CITATION
This project was made possible through the generous
support of the National Endowment for Democracy.
Yana Gorokhovskaia and Isabel Linzer,
Defending Democracy in Exile: Policy
Responses to Transnational Repression
(Washington, DC: Freedom House,
June 2022), https://freedomhouse.org/
sites/default/files/2022-06/Complete_
TransnationalRepressionReport2022.