14 MOSS ET AL . DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT The data used in this study come from original studies conducted by each of the authors individually at their respective institutions. The data that support the findings of this study may be made available by special request, and will be considered in light of privacy, safety-related, and Institutional Review Board-mandated protections and restrictions. ORCID Dana M. Moss Gillian Kennedy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0430-7531 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4196-6739 ENDNOTES 1 We adopt this term from Moss (2016), which references proxy punishment as one of six types of transnational repression. Not all regimes will have the capacity to effectively monitor diasporas and punish their relatives. Proxy punishment requires “infrastructural power” (Mann 2008) in the form of information about individuals abroad, their activities, and their families’ whereabouts at home. Regimes with weak control over their territories are therefore less likely to be effective in wielding proxy punishment against their diasporas than those with a high degree of population oversight (Moss 2016, 2022). 3 In 2018, Saudi officials visited human rights defender Omar Abdulaziz in Canada and brought his brother with them to threaten Abdulaziz into returning home (Deibert 2020, p. 143). Relatedly, Chinese operatives confronted a defector-in-exile in the United States by bringing his elderly father from China to the meeting in order to coerce the exile into returning to China (US Department of Justice 2020). 2 REFERENCES Adamson, F. B. (2002). Mobilizing for the transformation of home: Politicized identities and transnational practices. In N. AlAli & K. Koser, (Eds.), New approaches to migration? Transnational communities and the transformation of home (pp. 155–168). Routledge. Adamson, F. B. (2013). Mechanisms of diaspora mobilization and the transnationalization of civil war. J. Checkel (Ed.) Transnational dynamics of civil war (pp. 63–88). Cambridge University Press. Adamson, F. B. (2016). The growing importance of diaspora politics. Current History, 115, 291–96. Adamson, F. B., & Greenhill, K. M. (2021). Globality and entangled security: Rethinking the post-1945 order. New Global Studies, 15(2–3), 165–180. Adamson, F., & Tsourapas, G. (2020). At home and abroad: Coercion-by-proxy as a tool of transnational repression. Freedom House Special Report. https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2020/home-and-abroad-coercion-proxytool-transnational-repression Alexopoulos, G. (2008). Stalin and the politics of kinship: Practices of collective punishment, 1920s-1940s. Comparative Studies in History and Society, 50, 91–117. Alinejad, M. (2018, July 31). My sister disowned me on state TV. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/31/ opinion/iran-hijab-feminist.html Amnesty International. (2011). The long reach of the Mukhabaraat: Violence and harassment against Syrians abroad and their relatives back home. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/MDE24/057/2011/en/ Amnesty International. (2017). Uzbekistan: Tentacles of mass surveillance spread across borders. https://www.amnesty.org/ en/latest/news/2017/03/uzbekistan-tentacles-of-mass-surveillance-spread-across-borders/ Amnesty International. (2018). Egypt: Proposed laws an assault on online freedoms. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/ news/2018/07/egypt-proposed-laws-an-assault-on-online-freedoms/ Amnesty International. (2020). Nowhere feels safe: Uyghurs tell of China-Led intimidation campaign abroad. https://www. amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2020/02/china-uyghurs-abroad-living-in-fear/ Arendt, H. (1979). The origins of totalitarianism. Hartcourt Brace. Ayoub, P. M. (2016). When states come out: Europe’s sexual minorities and the politics of visibility. Cambridge University Press. Barkan, S. E. (1985). Protesters on trial: Criminal justice in the southern civil rights and Vietnam antiwar movements. Rutgers University Press. Baser, B., & Öztürk, A. E. (2020). Positive and negative diaspora governance in context: From public diplomacy to transnational authoritarianism. Middle East Critique, 29(3), 319–334. BBC. (2019, March 12). UN Special Rapporteur “deplores” the persecution of BBC Persian staff and their families. BBC. https:// www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2019/persian-un Bergman, R., & Kingsley, P. (2021). Israeli spyware maker is in spotlight amid reports of wide abuses. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/18/world/middleeast/israel-nso-pegasus-spyware.html