DEFENDING DEMOCRACY IN EXILE Policy Responses to Transnational Repression Endnotes “Attempted assassination committed on Chechen blogger Tumso Abdurakhmanov,” Caucasian Knot, February 27, 2020, https://www.eng.kavkazuzel.eu/articles/50129/. 1 Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty’s North Caucasus Service, “Swedish Court Hands Lengthy Prison Terms to Attackers of Chechen Blogger,” January 11, 2021, https://www.rferl.org/a/chechen-blogger-abdurakhmanov-swedish-courtlengthy-prison-terms-attackers/31042429.html. 2 “In the interest of the nation,” SVT.SE, https://web.archive.org/ web/20060527192649/http://svt.se:80/svt/jsp/Crosslink.jsp?d=6437&a=122509 3 “Iraqi agent murder: man released,” The Local, January 3, 2008. https://www. thelocal.se/20080103/9556/. 4 The Public Prosecutor’s Office, “Prosecution brought for refugee espionage against a detained person,” Press Release, November 6, 2019, https://www.aklagare.se/nyheter-press/pressmeddelanden/2019/ november/atal-vackt-for-flyktingspionage-mot-en-haktad-person/; “Swedish court convicts man of spying on Tibetans for China,” Reuters, June 15, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sweden-security-china/ swedish-court-convicts-man-of-spying-on-tibetans-for-china-idUSKBN1JB1BQ. 5 The Swedish Security Service, 2020 Yearbook, , https://www.sakerhetspolisen. se/om-sakerhetspolisen/publikationer/sakerhetspolisens-arsberattelse.html. 6 The Swedish Security Service, 2014 Yearbook, https://www.sakerhetspolisen. se/om-sakerhetspolisen/publikationer/sakerhetspolisens-arsberattelse.html. 7 The Swedish Security Service, 2014 Yearbook, https://www.sakerhetspolisen. se/om-sakerhetspolisen/publikationer/sakerhetspolisens-arsberattelse.html. 8 Chapter 19, Section 10b. See https://www.sakerhetspolisen.se/ovriga-sidor/ other-languages/english-engelska/what-we-do/counter-espionage.html. 9 “The Tibetan refugee who turned spy for China in Sweden,” Safeguard Defenders, November 18, 2020, https://safeguarddefenders.com/en/blog/ tibetan-refugee-who-turned-spy-china-sweden. 10 Austin Ramzy, “China Sentences Hong Kong Bookseller Gui Minhai to 10 Years in Prison,” New York Times, February 25, 2020, https://www. nytimes.com/2020/02/25/world/asia/gui-minhai-china-hong-kong-swedishbookseller.html. 18 Angela Gui, “Damned if you do, damned if you don’t? I won’t.” Medium (blog), February 13, 2019, https://medium.com/@angela_62804/ damned-if-you-do-damned-if-you-dont-i-wont-1a09ba853018. 19 Iliana Magra and Chris Buckley, “Sweden Charges Ex-Ambassador to China Over Secret Meetings,” New York Times, December 9, 2019, https://www. nytimes.com/2019/12/09/world/europe/sweden-ambassador-china.html. 20 Riksdagens protokoll, [Minutes of Riksdag], December 12, 2019, https://data. riksdagen.se/fil/049A669C-A475-44AD-AA8A-E0448DD63547. 21 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), “Indicators of Integration, Sweden, 2012,” https://www.oecd.org/migration/ integration-indicators-2012/keyindicatorsbycountry/name,218347,en.htm. 22 Ministry of Justice, “Fact Sheet” states that “The Government took a series of temporary measures to significantly reduce the number of people seeking asylum in Sweden when the EU Member States were unable to share the responsibility that came with the large number of asylum seekers.” February 2018. 23 Marianne Garvik and Marko Valenta, “Seeking asylum in Scandinavia: a comparative analysis of recent restrictive policy responses towards unaccompanied afghan minors in Denmark, Sweden and Norway” Comparative Migration Studies, 9, no. 15 (2021), https://doi.org/10.1186/ s40878-020-00221-1. 24 25 Aliens Act, (2005:716), Chapter 4, Article 1. 26 Aliens Act, (2005:716), Chapter 4, Article 3A. 11 “Uighur refugee jailed for spying,” The Sydney Morning Herald, March 10, 2010, https://www.smh.com.au/world/uighur-refugee-jailed-for-spying20100309-pvv5.html. Dana Moss, “Transnational Repression, Diaspora Mobilization, and the Case of The Arab Spring” Social Problems, 63 (2016): 480 – 498, https://doi. org/10.1093/socpro/spw019. 12 David Keyton, “Sweden sentences Iraqi man for spying for Iran,” Associated Press, December 20, 2019, https://apnews.com/ article/4a012c477c754e64081387e85097983c. 28 Polisen, “The dialogue police,” accessed May 1, 2022, https://polisen.se/ om-polisen/polisens-arbete/dialogpolisen/. 29 13 Stefan Holgersson, I Demokratins Yttersta Gränsland – om behov av dialog och dialogpoliskonceptet, [In Democracy’s Outer Borderland - on the need for dialogue and the dialogue police concept], (Linköping University Electronic Press, 2019), pp. 150-151. 14 “Refugee espionage – recurring problems in Sweden,” SVT Nyheter, February 27, 2017, https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/ eritrea-och-kina-lander-som-utmarker-sig. 15 “Eritrean diplomat sent home,” SVT Nyheter, September 5, 2014, https:// www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/eritreadiplomat-skickas-hem; Written question about refugee espionage by Marie Granlund to Minister of Justice Thomas Bodstrom, Seriges Riksdag, 10 April 2002. 16 10 “Eritrean diplomat sent home,” SVT Nyheter, September 5, 2014, https:// www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/eritreadiplomat-skickas-hem. 17 @FreedomHouse 27 Emma Lundgren Jorum, “Repression across borders: homeland response to anti-regime mobilization among Syrians in Sweden,” Diaspora Studies, 8 no. 2 (2015): 104 – 119, https://doi.org/10.1080/09739572.2015.1029711. The Swedish Security Service 2011 Yearbook, p. 59, https://www. sakerhetspolisen.se/om-sakerhetspolisen/publikationer/sakerhetspolisensarsberattelse.html. Fiona B. Adamson and Gerasimos Tsourapas, “At Home and Abroad: Coercion-by-Proxy as a Tool of Transnational Repression,” Freedom House, 2020, https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2020/ home-and-abroad-coercion-proxy-tool-transnational-repression. 30 “Eritrean refugees are forced to apologize to the regime for reunification with families,” Sveriges Radio, August 31, 2017, https://sverigesradio.se/ artikel/6767299. 31 #TransnationalRepression