DEFENDING DEMOCRACY IN EXILE Policy Responses to Transnational Repression Lewis Mudge, “Rwandans Charged with Murder of Exiled Critic,” HRW, September 13, 2019, https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/09/13/ rwandans-charged-murder-exiled-critic#. 20 “Rwanda, South Africa Commit To Normalize Relations,” Igihe, June 5, 2021, https://en.igihe.com/news/article/rwanda-south-africa-commit-to-normalizerelations; “Joint Rwanda And S. Africa Team To Guide Efforts To Mend Relations,” The East African, June 15, 2021, https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/ tea/news/east-africa/rwanda-south-africa-mend-relations-3437816; Ministry of International Relations and Cooperation, “Joint Statement At The Conclusion Of The Working Visit To South Africa By Dr Vincent Biruta, Minister Of Foreign Affairs And International Cooperation Of The Republic Of Rwanda, 04 June 2021,” June 4, 2021, http://www.dirco.gov.za/docs/2021/rwan0604.htm. Nate Schenkkan and Isabel Linzer, Out of Sight, Not Out of Reach: The Global Scale and Scope of Transnational Repression. (Washington, DC: Freedom House, February 2021), https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/ Complete_FH_TransnationalRepressionReport2021_rev020221.pdf. 31 21 United Nations High Commissioner on Refugees, “Global Report 2020,” 2021, https://www.unhcr.org/flagship-reports/globalreport/. 22 Republic of South Africa, “Refugees Act 1998,” Republic of South Africa Government Gazette, November 20, 1998, https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/ gcis_document/201409/a130-980.pdf. 23 Fatima Khan, Siphokazi Mbatani, and Charlotte Marais, “Trusting Democracy: The Law Can Work For Refugees But What The System Needs Is An ‘Injection Of Humanity’” Journal of Asian and African Studies 56, no. 1 (2021): 48-63, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0021909620946850. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, “Help South Africa: Asylum & Refugee Status Determination”, accessed May 1, 2022, https://help.unhcr.org/ southafrica/welcome/asylum/. 32 Fatima Khan, Siphokazi Mbatani, and Charlotte Marais, “Trusting Democracy: The Law Can Work For Refugees But What The System Needs Is An ‘Injection Of Humanity’” Journal of Asian and African Studies 56, no. 1 (2021): 48-63, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0021909620946850. 33 Fatima Khan and Nandi Rayne, “Country Fiche: South Africa,” ASILE (Global Asylum and the European Union’s Role), October 2020, https://www. asileproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Country-Fiche_South-Africa_ Final_Pub.pdf. 34 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, “Global Trends: Forced displacement in 2018,” 47, https://www.unhcr.org/5d08d7ee7.pdf. 35 24 Abu-Bakarr Jalloh, “South Africa: New Refugee Laws ‘Target Political Dissidents’,” Deutsche Welle, January 8, 2019, https://www.dw.com/en/southafrica-new-refugee-laws-target-political-dissidents/a-51933065; Republic of South Africa, “Refugees Amendment Act (33/2008),” Republic of South Africa Government Gazette, December 2019, https://scalabrini.org.za/wp-content/ uploads/2020/01/Regulations-Refugee-Amendment-Act-2018.pdf 25 Republic of South Africa, “Refugees Amendment Act (33/2008),” Republic of South Africa Government Gazette, December 2019, https://scalabrini.org. za/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Regulations-Refugee-Amendment-Act-2018. pdf; Freedom House, “South Africa: Authorities Must Improve Treatment of Refugees and Asylum Seekers,” January 14, 2020, https://freedomhouse. org/article/south-africa-authorities-must-improve-treatment-refugees-andasylum-seekers. 26 Abu-Bakarr Jalloh, “South Africa: New Refugee Laws ‘Target Political Dissidents’,” Deutsche Welle, January 8, 2019, https://www.dw.com/en/ south-africa-new-refugee-laws-target-political-dissidents/a-51933065. 27 “South Africa Bars Refugees from Politics,” The Herald, January 10, 2020, https://www.herald.co.zw/s-africa-bars-refugees-from-politics/. 28 Republic of South Africa, “Immigration Act 2002,” Republic of South Africa Government Gazette, May 31, 2002, https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/ gcis_document/201409/a13-020.pdf. 29 Nate Schenkkan and Isabel Linzer, Out of Sight, Not Out of Reach: The Global Scale and Scope of Transnational Repression, (Washington, DC: Freedom House, February 2021), https://freedomhouse.org/sites/ default/files/2021-02/Complete_FH_TransnationalRepressionReport2021_ rev020221.pdf. 30 10 @FreedomHouse Liesbeth Schockaert, Emilie Venables, Maria-Teresa Gil-Bazo, Garret Barnwell, Rodd Gerstenhaber, and Katherine Whitehouse, “Behind the Scenes of South Africa’s Asylum Procedure: A Qualitative Study on Long-term Asylum-Seekers from the Democratic Republic of Congo,” Refugee Survey Quarterly, 11, no. 1 (March 2020): 26–55, https://academic.oup.com/rsq/article/39/1/26/5741662. 36 United Nations, “UNHCR And The Government Pledge To Clear The Asylum Backlog By 2024,” July 17, 2021, https://southafrica.un.org/ en/136315-unhcr-and-government-pledge-clear-asylum-backlog-2024. 37 Fatima Khan, Siphokazi Mbatani, and Charlotte Marais, “Trusting Democracy: The Law Can Work For Refugees But What The System Needs Is An ‘Injection Of Humanity’” Journal of Asian and African Studies 56, no. 1 (2021): 48-63, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0021909620946850. 38 Scalabrini Center of Cape Town, “Press Release: Scalabrini Returns To Court For Cape Town Refugee Office Case,” May 11, 2021, https://www. scalabrini.org.za/news/scalabrini-news/press-release-scalabrini-returnsto-court-for-cape-town-refugee-office-case/; Scalabrini Center of Cape Town, “Supreme Court Of Appeal Rules Cape Town RRO Closure Unlawful,” September 29, 2017, https://www.scalabrini.org.za/news/supreme-courtof-appeal-rules-cape-town-rro-closure-unlawful/; Scalabrini Center of Cape Town, “The Cape Town Refugee Reception Office Closure Case, Explained,” March 20, 2018, https://www.scalabrini.org.za/news/ the-cape-town-refugee-reception-office-closure-case-explained/. 39 Kim Harrisberg, “Refugees Battle Digital Divide To Stay Documented In South Africa,” Reuters, March 10, 2022, https://news.trust.org/ item/20220306152304-mswzp; Scalabrini Center of Cape Town, “Covid-19 Lock-Down: Important Information For Refugees And Migrants In South Africa,” https://www.scalabrini.org.za/news/covid_info/, accessed May 9, 2022; United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, “Asylum & Refugee Status Determination,” https://help.unhcr.org/southafrica/welcome/asylum/, accessed March 14, 2022. 40 #TransnationalRepression