Freedom House Spencer S. Hsu and Shane Harris, “Former Saudi Intelligence Officer Accuses Crown Prince of Ordering His Assassination in Canada,” Washington Post, August 6, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/legal-issues/formersaudi-intelligence-officer-accuses-crown-prince-of-ordering-his-assassination-incanada/2020/08/06/04aab9a4-d7e3-11ea-9c3b-dfc394c03988_story.html; David Ignatius, “This Former Intelligence Official Was a Hero. He’s Now the Target of a Brutal Campaign by MBS,” Washington Post, May 28, 2020, https://www. washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/05/28/this-former-intelligence-official-washero-hes-now-target-brutal-campaign-by-mbs/. 211 Ayman M. Mohyeldin, “No One Is Safe: How Saudi Arabia Makes Dissidents Disappear,” Vanity Fair, July 29, 2019, https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/07/ how-saudi-arabia-makes-dissidents-disappear; Bill Marczak et al., “The Kingdom Came to Canada: How Saudi-Linked Digital Espionage Reached Canadian Soil,” Citizen Lab, October 1, 2018, https://citizenlab.ca/2018/10/the-kingdom-came-tocanada-how-saudi-linked-digital-espionage-reached-canadian-soil/. 212 David Ignatius, “Saudi Arabia’s Crown Prince Uses Travel Restrictions to Consolidate Power,” Washington Post, June 18, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/06/18/ saudi-arabias-crown-prince-uses-travel-restrictions-consolidate-power/. 213 “Jamal Khashoggi: All You Need to Know About Saudi Journalist’s Death,” British Broadcasting Corporation, July 2, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/ world-europe-45812399. 214 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Khashoggi Killing: UN Human Rights Expert Says Saudi Arabia Is Responsible for ‘Premeditated Execution,’” June 19, 2019, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24713; Ayman M. Mohyeldin, “No One Is Safe: How Saudi Arabia Makes Dissidents Disappear,” Vanity Fair, July 29, 2019, https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/07/how-saudi-arabiamakes-dissidents-disappear; Omar Abdulaziz, “Saudi Spies Hacked My Phone and Tried to Stop My Activism. I Won’t Stop Fighting,” Washington Post, November 14, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/11/14/ saudi-spies-hacked-my-phone-tried-stop-my-activism-i-wont-stop-fighting/. Business Insider, September 10, 2020, https://www.businessinsider.com/ trump-woodward-i-saved-his-ass-mbs-khashoggi-rage-2020-9. Sonam Sheth and John Haltiwanger, “‘I saved his a--:’ Trump Boasted That He Protected Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman After Jamal Khashoggi’s Brutal Murder, Woodward’s New Book Says.” 221 US Department of the Treasury, “Treasury Sanctions 17 Individuals for Their Roles in the Killing of Jamal Khashoggi,” November 15, 2018, https://home. treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm547. 222 Martin Chulov, “Saud al-Qahtani: Who Is Fixer Cleared by Saudis over Khashoggi Murder?,” Guardian, December 23, 2019, https://www.theguardian. com/world/2019/dec/23/saud-al-qahtani-saudi-fixer-khashoggi. 223 Kareem Fahim and Sarah Dadouch, “Saudi Arabia Says Five Sentenced to Death in Killing of Jamal Khashoggi,” Washington Post, December 23, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/ middle_east/saudi-arabia-says-five-sentenced-to-death-in-killing-of-jamalkhashoggi/2019/12/23/02fc0ea4-256a-11ea-9cc9-e19cfbc87e51_story.html; Katie Benner et al., “Saudis’ Image Makers: A Troll Army and a Twitter Insider,” New York Times, October 20, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/20/us/ politics/saudi-image-campaign-twitter.html; Martin Chulov, “Saud al-Qahtani: Who Is Fixer Cleared by Saudis over Khashoggi Murder?,” Guardian, December 23, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/23/ saud-al-qahtani-saudi-fixer-khashoggi. 224 215 Katie Benner et al., “Saudis’ Image Makers: A Troll Army and a Twitter Insider,” New York Times, October 20, 2018, https://www. nytimes.com/2018/10/20/us/politics/saudi-image-campaign-twitter. html; Omar Abdulaziz, “Saudi Spies Hacked My Phone and Tried to Stop My Activism. I Won’t Stop Fighting,” Washington Post, November 14, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/11/14/ saudi-spies-hacked-my-phone-tried-stop-my-activism-i-wont-stop-fighting/. 216 Freedom House, “Saudi Arabia,” Freedom on the Net, 2020, https:// freedomhouse.org/country/saudi-arabia/freedom-net/2020; Katie Benner et al., “Saudis’ Image Makers: A Troll Army and a Twitter Insider,” New York Times, October 20, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/20/us/politics/saudi-imagecampaign-twitter.html. 217 Kate Conger et al., “Former Twitter Employees Charged with Spying for Saudi Arabia,” New York Times, November 6, 2019, https://www.nytimes. com/2019/11/06/technology/twitter-saudi-arabia-spies.html. 218 Shane Harris, Greg Miller, and Josh Dawsey, “CIA Concludes Saudi Crown Prince Ordered Jamal Khashoggi’s Assassination,” Washington Post, November 16, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/ national-security/cia-concludes-saudi-crown-prince-ordered-jamal-khashoggisassassination/2018/11/16/98c89fe6-e9b2-11e8-a939-9469f1166f9d_story.html. 219 Sonam Sheth and John Haltiwanger, “‘I saved his a--:’ Trump Boasted That He Protected Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman After Jamal Khashoggi’s Brutal Murder, Woodward’s New Book Says,” 220 Freedom House, “Saudi Arabia,” Freedom on the Net, 2020, https:// freedomhouse.org/country/saudi-arabia/freedom-net/2020; Ben Hubbard, “The Rise and Fall of M.B.S.’s Digital Henchman,” New York Times, March 13, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/13/sunday-review/mbs-hacking.html. 225 Fadiya al-Zaabi, “GCC Countries Sign Landmark Counterterrorism Agreement,” Arab News, May 5, 2004, https://www.arabnews.com/node/248835. 226 Human Rights Watch, “GCC: Joint Security Agreement Imperils Rights,” April 26, 2014, https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/04/26/ gcc-joint-security-agreement-imperils-rights. 227 Freedom House, “Countries and Territories,” accessed December 18, 2020, https://freedomhouse.org/countries/freedom-world/scores. 228 Jim Sciutto and Jeremy Herb, “Exclusive: The Secret Documents That Help Explain the Qatar Crisis,” CNN, July 10, 2017, https://www.cnn.com/2017/07/10/ politics/secret-documents-qatar-crisis-gulf-saudi/index.html; turner.com, “Translation of Agreements,” accessed December 18, 2020, http://i2.cdn. turner.com/cnn/2017/images/07/10/translation.of.agreementsupdated.pdf; Melissa Carlson and Barbara Koremenos, “Cooperation Failure or Secret Collusion? Absolute Monarchs and Informal Cooperation,” Review of International Organizations, September 2020, https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/344086647_Cooperation_Failure_or_Secret_Collusion_Absolute_ Monarchs_and_Informal_Cooperation, https://www.melissaannecarlson.com/ uploads/8/4/7/2/84723774/rio_manuscript_-_march_28_2020_.pdf. 229 Ben Hubbard, “Saudi Activist Who Fought for Women’s Right to Drive Is Sent to Terrorism Court,” New York Times, November 25, 2020, https://www. nytimes.com/2020/11/25/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-loujain-al-hathloul.html. 230 Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, “Opinion No. 68/2018 Concerning Mohammad Abdullah al-Otaibi (Saudi Arabia),” UN Human Rights Council, April 3, 2019, A/HRC/WGAD/2018/68; Amnesty International, “Saudi Arabia: First Human Rights Defenders Sentenced Under Leadership of ‘Reformer’ Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman,” January 25, 2018, https://www.amnesty.org/ en/latest/news/2018/01/saudi-arabia-first-human-rights-defenders-sentencedunder-leadership-of-reformer-crown-prince-mohammad-bin-salman/. 231 freedomhouse.org 69

Select target paragraph3

Connect to a paragraph
Connect to an entity
Disable highlights
Add to table of contents