DEFENDING DEMOCRACY IN EXILE Policy Responses to Transnational Repression Access Now, “U.S. State Department’s new spyware report: a big step forward,” December 16, 2021, https://www.accessnow.org/ state-department-spyware-report/. 128 “Cyber-surveillance items” is defined as” dual-use items specially designed to enable the covert surveillance of natural persons by monitoring, extracting, collecting or analysing data from information and telecommunication systems.” Via Official Journal of the European Union, L 206, Volume 64, June 11 2021, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/ PDF/?uri=OJ:L:2021:206:FULL&from=EN. 129 John Scott-Railton, Elies Campo, Bil Marczak, Bahr Abdul Razzak, Siena Anstis, Gözde Böcü, Salvatore Solimano Ron Deibert, “CatalanGate: Extensive Mercenary Spyware Operation against Catalans Using Pegasus and Candiru,” Citizen Lab, April 18, 2022, https://citizenlab.ca/2022/04/catalangate-extensivemercenary-spyware-operation-against-catalans-using-pegasus-candiru/. 130 NSO Group, “Transparency and Responsibility Report 2021,” June 2021, https://www.nsogroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/ReportBooklet.pdf. 131 Freedom House, “Hungary,” Freedom on the Net, 2021, https:// freedomhouse.org/country/hungary/freedom-net/2021.; Stephani Kirchgaessner, “More Polish opposition figures found to have been targeted by Pegasus spyware,” The Guardian, February 17, 2020, https://www.theguardian. com/world/2022/feb/17/more-polish-opposition-figures-found-to-have-beentargeted-by-pegasus-spyware.; Wojciech Kość, “Polish leader under fire over Pegasus hack scandal,” Politico, January 18, 2022, https://www.politico.eu/ article/polish-leader-jaroslaw-kaczynski-under-fire-over-pegasus-hack-scandal/. 132 Wojciech Kość, “Polish leader under fire over Pegasus hack scandal,” Politico, January 18, 2022, https://www.politico.eu/article/polishleader-jaroslaw-kaczynski-under-fire-over-pegasus-hack-scandal/. ; Wojciech Kość, “Poland’s ruling party tries to block phone hack inquiry,” Politico, January 27, 2022, https://www.politico.eu/article/ poland-ruling-party-tries-block-phone-hack-inquiry/. 133 European Parliament, “Three new committees on Pegasus spyware, foreign interference and COVID-19,” October 3, 2022, https:// www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20220304IPR24801/ three-new-committees-on-pegasus-spyware-foreign-interference-and-covid-19. 134 Amrit Dhillon and Michael Safi, “Indian supreme court orders inquiry into state’s use of Pegasus spyware,” The Guardian, October 27, 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/oct/27/ indian-supreme-court-orders-inquiry-into-states-use-of-pegasus-spyware. 135 WhatsApp Inc and Facebook Inc v NSO Group Technologies Limited and Q Cyber Technologies Limited (4:19-cv-07123), United States District Court, N.D. California, complaint filed October 29, 2019. https:// storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.350613/gov.uscourts. cand.350613.1.0_2.pdf. ; Apple Inc v NSO Group Technologies Limited 136 42 @FreedomHouse and Q Cyber Technologies Limited, United States District Court ND of California, San Jose Division, complaint filed November 23, 2021, https:// www.apple.com/newsroom/pdfs/Apple_v_NSO_Complaint_112321.pdf.; Apple, “Apple sues NSO Group to curb the abuse of state-sponsored spyware,” November 23, 2021, https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2021/11/ apple-sues-nso-group-to-curb-the-abuse-of-state-sponsored-spyware/. Access Now, “Facing the consequences: Access Now welcomes legal action against NSO Group,” April 5, 2022, https://www.accessnow.org/ legal-action-nso-group/. 137 Stephanie Kirchgaessner, “FBI confirms it obtained NSO’s Pegasus spyware,” The Guardian, February 2, 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2022/ feb/02/fbi-confirms-it-obtained-nsos-pegasus-spyware ; https://freedomhouse. org/country/united-states/freedom-net/2021.; “German police secretly bought NSO Pegasus spyware,” Deutsche Welle, September 7, 2021, https://www. dw.com/en/german-police-secretly-bought-nso-pegasus-spyware/a-59113197. 138 The White House, “Joint Statement on the Export Controls and Human Rights Initiative,” December 10, 2021, https://www.whitehouse. gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/12/10/joint-statement-on-theexport-controls-and-human-rights-initiative/; The White House, “Face Sheet: Export Controls and Human Rights Initiative Launched at the Summit for Democracy,” December 10, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/ statements-releases/2021/12/10/fact-sheet-export-controls-and-human-rightsinitiative-launched-at-the-summit-for-democracy/. 139 140 Freedom House interview with an activist from Saudi Arabia, February 2022. 141 Freedom House interview with Sardar Pashaei, February 2022 Miranda Sissons, “Our Approach to Maintaining a Safe Online Environment in Countries at Risk, Meta, October 23, 2021, https://about.fb.com/news/2021/10/ approach-to-countries-at-risk/. 142 “Rwanda: Transnational Repression Case Study,” in Schenkkan and Linzer “Out of Sight, Not Out of Reach,” Freedom House, February 2021, https:// freedomhouse.org/report/transnational-repression/rwanda; David Himbara, “Kagame’s Media Army Got Facebook To Block My Posts. Days Later, Facebook Apologized,” Medium, March 19, 2020, https://medium.com/@david. himbara_27884/kagames-social-media-army-got-facebook-to-block-my-postsdays-later-facebook-apologized-9a33164b47d2. 143 Twitter Help Center, “Report abusive behavior,” https://help.twitter.com/en/ safety-and-security/report-abusive-behavior. 144 Jigsaw, “Technology to help women journalists document and manage online abuse,” Medium, March 8, 2022, https://medium.com/jigsaw/technologyto-help-women-journalists-document-and-manage-online-abuse-5edcac127872. 145 146 Freedom House interview with Samuel Chu, February 2022. #TransnationalRepression