DEFENDING DEMOCRACY IN EXILE Policy Responses to Transnational Repression Nate Schenkkan and Isabel Linzer, “Out of Sight, Not Out of Reach: The Global Scale and Scope of Transnational Repression,” Freedom House, February 2021, https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/Complete_ FH_TransnationalRepressionReport2021_rev020221.pdf. 76 United Nations Human Rights Council, “Cooperation with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms in the field of human rights,” document reference A/HRC/48/28, December 1, 2021. 77 United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, special procedure letter to the government of Pakistan, document reference AL PAK 12/202, December 21, 2020, https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/ DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=25751. 78 United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, special procedure letter to the government of Vietnam, document reference AL VNM 2/2021, May 3, 2021. United Nations Human Rights Council, “Cooperation with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms in the field of human rights,” document reference A/HRC/48/28, December 1, 2021. 79 Sophie Richardson, “China’s Influence on the Global Human Rights System,” Brookings, September 2020, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/ uploads/2020/09/FP_20200914_china_human_rights_richardson.pdf. 80 United Nations Digital Library, “Promoting mutually beneficial cooperation in the field of human rights: resolution / adopted by the Human Rights Council on June 22 June 2020,” reference A/HRC/RES/43/21, July 2020, https:// digitallibrary.un.org/record/3874888?ln=en.; Sophie Richardson, Brookings, “China’s Influence on the Global Human Rights System,” September 2020, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/FP_20200914_china_ human_rights_richardson.pdf. 81 Dave Lawler, “The 53 countries supporting China’s crackdown on Hong Kong,” Axios, July 2, 2020, https://www.axios.com/countries-supporting-chinahong-kong-law-0ec9bc6c-3aeb-4af0-8031-aa0f01a46a7c.html. 82 Amnesty International, “Yemen: Renew mandate of the Group of Prominent Experts,” October 5, 2021, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/10/ yemen-renew-mandate-of-the-group-of-eminent-experts/ ; Amnesty International via ReliefWeb, “Yemen: Saudi Arabia forces an end to mandate of only international mechanism to investigate HR abuses,” October 7, 2021, https://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen-saudi-arabia-forces-end-mandateonly-international-mechanism-investigate-hr. 83 United Nations Human Rights Council, “Cooperation with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms in the field of human rights,” document reference A/HRC/48/28, December 1, 2021, https://www.ohchr.org/ en/hr-bodies/hrc/regular-sessions/session48/list-reports. 84 Iona Liddel, “Compromised Spaces: Bullying and Blocking at the UN Human Rights Mechanisms” (page 9), Unrepresented Nations & Peoples Organization, July 2019, https://unpo.org/downloads/2698.pdf. 85 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, “The Committee on NGOs,” https://csonet.org/index.php?menu=80. 86 Rana Siu Inboden, “China at the UN: Chocking Civil Society,” (July 2021), Journal of Democracy, 32 (3): 124-135.; Human Rights Watch, “The Costs of International Advocacy: China’s Interference in United Nations Human Rights Mechanisms,” September 5, 2017, https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/09/05/ costs-international-advocacy/chinas-interference-united-nations-human-rights. 87 Interpol, Constitution of the ICPO-Interpol, Article 3, https://www.interpol.int/ en/Who-we-are/Legal-framework/Legal-documents. 89 United Nations, “Morocco’s extradition of Uyghur asylum seeker to China could lead to serious rights violations, argue UN experts,” December 16, 2021, https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/12/1108152. 90 Interpol, “Interpol General Assembly elects new President,” November 25, 2021, https://www.interpol.int/en/News-and-Events/News/2021/INTERPOL-GeneralAssembly-elects-new-President.; Interpol, “Executive Committee,” https://www. interpol.int/en/Who-we-are/Governance/Executive-Committee. 91 Interpol, “Interpol General Assembly elects new President,” November 25, 2021, https://www.interpol.int/en/News-and-Events/News/2021/ INTERPOL-General-Assembly-elects-new-President. 92 Tweet from Anthony Coley, director of public affairs at the United States Department of Justice, March 6, 2022, https://twitter.com/AnthonyColeyDOJ/status/1500617089962418177. 93 Ted Bromund, “Russia Wrongly Escapes Suspension from Interpol,” The Heritage Foundation, March 17, 2022, https://www.heritage.org/global-politics/ commentary/russia-wrongly-escapes-suspension-interpol.; Interpol, “Ukraine: Interpol General Secretariat statement,” March 10, 2022, https://www.interpol.int/ News-and-Events/News/2022/Ukraine-INTERPOL-General-Secretariat-statement. 94 Arab News, “Syria’s Interpol reinstatement dangerous for refugees, opposition figures: Legal experts,” October 6, 2021, https://www.arabnews.com/ node/1942671/middle-east. 95 United Nations Office for the High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Khashoggi killing: UN human rights expert says Saudi Arabia is responsible for ‘premeditated execution,’” June 19, 2019 https://www.ohchr.org/en/pressreleases/2019/06/khashoggi-killing-un-human-rights-expert-says-saudi-arabia-res ponsible?LangID=E&NewsID=24713. 96 United Nations Office for the High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Iran: targeting of journalists threatens freedom of press, say UN experts,” March 11, 2020, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2020/03/iran-targeting-journaliststhreatens-freedom-press-say-un-experts?LangID=E&NewsID=25706. 97 United Nations Office for the High Commissioner for Human Rights, “UN experts deeply concerned by ‘new practice’ of State-sponsored abductions,” October 18, 2018, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2018/10/ un-experts-deeply-concerned-new-practice-state-sponsored-abductions. 98 Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, “Report of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances,” document reference A/HRC/39/46, July 30, 2018. 99 Nate Schenkkan and Isabel Linzer, “Out of Sight, Not Out of Reach: The Global Scale and Scope of Transnational Repression,” Freedom House, February 2021, https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/Complete_FH_ TransnationalRepressionReport2021_rev020221.pdf. 100 Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, “Report of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances,” document reference A/HRC/48/57, August 4, 2021. 101 Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty, “Council of Europe Officially Expels Russia After 26 Years of Membership,” March 16, 2022, https://www.rferl.org/a/councileurope-expels-russia/31756178.html. 102 Human Rights Watch, “The Costs of International Advocacy: China’s Interference in United Nations Human Rights Mechanisms,” September 5, 2017, https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/09/05/costs-international-advocacy/ chinas-interference-united-nations-human-rights. 88 40 @FreedomHouse #TransnationalRepression

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