Freedom House Freedom House has not recorded incidents of physical transnational repression against Syrians in Turkey. However, Syrians have been subjected to digital transnational repression in the form of online harassment and hacking. They have also experienced coercion by proxy and other forms of transnational repression in other countries. See Amnesty International, “The Long Reach Of The Mukhabaraat: Violence And Harassment Against Syrians Abroad And Their Relatives Back Home,” October 2011, https:// www.amnestyusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/mde240572011en_25. pdf; Emma Lundgren Jorum, “Repression Across Borders: Homeland Response To Anti-Regime Mobilization Among Syrians In Sweden,” Diaspora Studies 8, no. 2 (2015): 104-119, https://brill.com/view/journals/bdia/8/2/ article-p104_2.xml. 28 Sibel Karadağ and Ayşen Üstübici, “Protection During Pre-Pandemic And COVID-19 Periods In Turkey,” Advancing Alternative Migration Governance (ADMIGOV), 2021, https://admigov.eu/upload/Deliverable_42_Protection_ COVID19_Turkey_Karadag_Ustubici.pdf. 29 30 Ibid, 36. “İstanbul’da öldürülen Mevlevi eski bir ajan mıydı? [Was Mevlevi Killed In Istanbul A Former Agent?],” Deutsche Welle, November 25, 2019, https:// www.dw.com/tr/istanbulda-%C3%B6ld%C3%BCr%C3%BClen-mevlevi-eskiistihbarat-g%C3%B6revlisiydi-iddias%C4%B1/a-51407714; Borzu Daragahi, “This TV Executive Had A Lot Of Enemies And Now He Is Dead,” Buzzfeed News, May 2, 2017, https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/borzoudaragahi/ this-tv-executive-had-a-lot-of-enemies-and-now-he-is-dead. 31 Turkmen Initiative for Human Rights, “Активиста Жумасапара Дадебаева поместили в СИЗО Ташкента,” [Activist Zhumasapar Dadebaev was placed in a pre-trial detention center in Tashkent], Хроника Туркменистана» (ХТ) [Chronicle of Turkmenistan (HT)], January 22, 2022, https://www.hronikatm.com/2022/01/aktivista-zhumasapara-dadebaevapomestili-v-sizo-tashkenta/ . 32 Arab News, “Turkey Ramps Up Iranian Dissident Extraditions,” July 22, 2020, https://www.arabnews.com/node/1708521. 33 Ragip Soylu, “Turkey Will Not Deport Iranian AntiHijab Activist Facing Arrest: Officials,” Middle East Eye, September 8, 2020, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/ iran-turkey-maryam-shariatmadari-not-deport-anti-hijab-activist. 34 “Turkey Probes Deportation Of Egyptian Facing Death Penalty,” Reuters, February 6, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-egypt/turkeyprobes-deportation-of-egyptian-facing-death-penalty-idUSKCN1PV0XL. 35 Sibel Karadağ and Ayşen Üstübici, “Protection During Pre-Pandemic And COVID-19 Periods In Turkey,” Advancing Alternative Migration Governance (ADMIGOV), 2021, https://admigov.eu/upload/Deliverable_42_Protection_ COVID19_Turkey_Karadag_Ustubici.pdf. 36 Sibel Karadağ and Ayşen Üstübici, “Protection During Pre-Pandemic And COVID-19 Periods in Turkey.” 37 The list was posted online by the Turkmen Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights in February 2022 but has subsequently been removed. 38 Umar Farooq, “Turkey’s Authoritarian Turn Deprives Tajiks of Safe Haven,” Eurasianet, April 12, 2018, https://eurasianet.org/ turkeys-authoritarian-turn-deprives-tajiks-of-safe-haven. 39 Alim Seytoff, Mamatjan Juma, and Paul Eckert, “Uyghur Exile Group Leader Turned Back Trying to Enter Turkey,” Radio Free Asia, September 20, 2020, https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/turkey-wuc-09202021220933.html. 40 Mettursun Beydulla, “Chapter 10: Experiences of Uyghur Migration to Turkey and the United States: Issues of Religion, Law, Society, Residence, And Citizenship,” Migration in Islamic Ethics 2, (2020): 174-195, https://brill.com/ view/book/edcoll/9789004417342/BP000010.xml. 41 Bradley Jardine, Edward Lemon, and Natalie Hall, “No Space Left to Run: China’s Transnational Repression of Uyghurs,” Uyghur Human Rights Project, June 24, 2021, https://uhrp.org/report/no-space-left-to-run-chinastransnational-repression-of-uyghurs/#:~:text=In%20the%20first%20 stage%20of,from%2015%20countries%20were%20repressed. 42 Uyghur Human Rights Project, “Weaponized Passports: The Crisis of Uyghur Statelessness,” April 2020, https://docs.uhrp.org/pdf/Weaponized_ Passports.pdf. 43 Joanna Kakissis, “’I Thought It Would Be Safe’: Uyghurs In Turkey Now Fear China’s Long Arm,” National Public Radio, March 13, 2020, https://www.npr.org/2020/03/13/800118582/i-thought-it-would-besafe-Uyghurs-in-turkey-now-fear-china-s-long-arm https://www.npr. org/2020/03/13/800118582/i-thought-it-would-be-safe-Uyghurs-in-turkeynow-fear-china-s-long-arm; Asim Kashgarian, “Uyghur Man’s Long Journey to Freedom May End With Return to China,” Voice of America, January 14, 2022, https://www.voanews.com/a/uyghur-man-s-long-journey-to-freedommay-end-with-return-to-china/6395787.html. 44 Jilil Kashgary, Erkin Emet, and Joshua Lipes,“ Uyghur Mother, Daughters Deported to China From Turkey,” Radio Free Asia, August 9, 2019, https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/deportation-08092019171834. html; Nicholas Muller, “Are the Uyghurs Safe in Turkey?,” The Diplomat, February 13, 2021, https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/are-the-uyghurs-safe-inturkey/#:~:text=In%20the%20last%20three%20years,would%20likely%20 face%20severe%20persecution. 45 Eva Xiao, “Exiled Uyghurs in Turkey Fear China’s Long Reach—‘We Are All Panicking Now,’” Wall Street Journal, February 3, 2021, https://www.wsj.com/articles/ exiled-Uyghurs-fear-chinas-reach-will-erode-turkish-haven-11612178314. 46 freedomhouse.org 11