Freedom House Endnotes This research case study does not include or mention the events surrounding the November 2021 Presidential elections in Nicaragua, however we recognize that the report will be released after this crucial event. 1 Mendoza, Yurbelka, Anatoly Kurmanaev and Alfonso Flores Bermúdez. “‘Everyone Is on the List’: Fear Grips Nicaragua as It Veers to Dictatorship,” New York Times, September 5, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/05/world/nicaragua-politicalrepression.html 2 Guevara, Tomas, and Houston Castillo Vado. “In Election Year, Nicaragua’s Media Are Being Scared into Silence.” Voice of America, July 26, 2021. https://www.voanews.com/press-freedom/ election-year-nicaraguas-media-are-being-scared-silence 3 Garcia, David Allire. “Five Ortega critics jailed as political crisis in Nicaragua deepens,” Reuters, June 13, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/ another-ortega-critic-arrested-inciting-foreign-interference-nicaragua-2021-06-13/ Asamblea Nacional, La Gaceta, Diario Oficial, No. 138, Ley No. 977.-Ley contra el Lavado de Activos, el Financiamiento al Terrorismo y el Financiamiento a la Proliferación de Armas de Destrucción Masiva, July 16, 2018. https://www.bcn.gob. ni/sites/default/files/marco_juridico_financiero/12_Ley_No_977_Ley_contra_el_ Lavado_de_Activos.pdf 15 Grupo de Acción Financiera del Caribe (GAFIC). “Recomendación 8: Organizaciones sin fines de lucro,” https://www.cfatf-gafic.org/index.php/es/documentos/ gafi40-recomendaciones/414-recomendacion-8-organizaciones-sin-fines-de-lucro 16 Asamblea Nacional, Ley 996: Ley de Amnistía June 8, 2019. https://www.refworld. org.es/pdfid/5d2cb2eb4.pdf 17 Asamblea Nacional, La Gaceta Diario Oficial N° 192, Ley de regulación de agentes extranjeros Ley N°. 1040, October 15, 2020. http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/ normaweb.nsf/9e314815a08d4a6206257265005d21f9/3306286cd4e82c5f 06258607005fdf6b?OpenDocument 4 18 Civicus, “Onslaught of Restrictive Legislation Continues in Nicaragua,” Civicus Monitor,January 26, 2021. https://monitor.civicus.org/updates/2021/01/26/ onslaught-restrictive-legislation-continues-nicaragua/ 19 5 Breda, Tiziano. “If sanctions failed to solve Nicaragua’s crisis, will more sanctions succeed? The Global Americans, July 13, 2021. https://theglobalamericans. org/2021/07/sanctions-nicaragua-crisis/ 6 De Cordoba, Jose. “In Nicaragua, doctors who spoke up about Covid-19 also lost their jobs,” Wall Street Journal. July 27, 2020. https://www.wsj.com/ articles/in-nicaragua-doctors-who-spoke-up-about-covid-19-also-lost-theirjobs-11595852072 7 8 https://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/srhrdefenders/pages/defender.aspx Tico Times, “Costa Rica creates special asylum category for Venezuelans, Nicaraguans, and Cubans.” December 14, 2020. https://ticotimes. net/2020/11/13/costa-rica-creates-special-asylum-category-for-venezuelansnicaraguans-and-cubans 9 For more information see: Navas, Lucia. “55 lideres campesinos han sido asesinados durante el régimen de Daniel Ortega.” La Prensa, September 19, 2019. https://www.laprensa.com.ni/2019/09/25/nacionales/2594492-55-lideres-campesinoshan-sido-asesinados-durante-el-regimen-de-daniel-ortega ; Martinez M, Luis Eduardo and Elizabeth Romero. “Señalan a Ejército de Nicaragua por mochilabomba,” La Prensa, January 23, 2015. https://www.laprensa.com.ni/2015/01/23/ nacionales/1769799-senalan-a-ejercitopor-mochila-bomba ; CENIDH, “El bombazo de Pantasma: 365 dias sin investigación.” January 19, 2016. https://www.cenidh.org/ noticias/863/ 10 Wallace, Arturo. “Crisis en Nicaragua, a un año del inicio de las protestas: “Ortega solo va a ceder cuando la presión nacional e internacional lo pongan en una situación extrema” BBC News Mundo, April 18, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/ noticias-america-latina-47964275 11 Otis, John. “Nicaragua’s press defiant in the face of arson attacks and mob violence,” Committee to Protect Journalists, July 9, 2018. https://cpj.org/2018/07/ nicaraguas-press-defiant-in-the-face-of-arson-atta/ 12 Presos Políticos Nicaragua, “Lista- Informe Preliminar Personas Presas Políticas en Nicaragua,” July 13, 2021. https://presasypresospoliticosnicaragua.org/ wp-content/uploads/2021/07/lista-personas-presas-pol%C3%ADticas-julio-2021.pdf 13 Asamblea Nacional, La Gaceta, Diario Oficial N°. 190 Ley de la unidad de análisis financiero, con sus reformas incorporadas LEY N°. 976, September 20, 2019. http:// legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/ b92aaea87dac762406257265005d21f7/065a78893c741669062584 8e006c8862?OpenDocument 14 Asamblea Nacional, La Gaceta, Diario Oficial No. 201, Ley Especial de Ciberdelitos, Ley No.1042. October 27, 2020. http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/ ($All)/803E7C7FBCF44D7706258611007C6D87?OpenDocument Asamblea Nacional, Ley 1055: Ley de defensa de los derechos del pueblo a la independencia, la soberanía, y autodeterminacion para la paz. December 21, 2020. http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/SILEG/Iniciativas.nsf/ C4084E2665A5610F06258642007E9C3F/$File/Ley%20N%C2%B0%201055,%20 Ley%20Defensa%20de%20los%20Derechos%20del%20Pueblo.pdf?Open 20 Asamblea Nacional, La Gaceta, Diario Oficial N°. 12, Ley de Reforma al Articulo 37 de la Constitución Política de La Republica de Nicaragua, Ley N°. 1057. January 18, 2021. http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/ 9e314815a08d4a6206257265005d21f9/259e2fcbc2449491062586620 07a06e6?OpenDocument 21 Amnesty International, “Shoot to Kill: Nicaragua’s Strategy to Repress Protest,” May 2018. https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/ AMR4384702018ENGLISH.pdf 22 https://reliefweb.int/report/nicaragua/unhcr-calls-more-support-nicaraguansforced-flee 23 La Asamblea Legislativa de la Republica de Costa Rica, Ley N Nº 8764, Ley General de Migracion y Extranjería. March 1, 2010. https://www.acnur.org/fileadmin/ Documentos/BDL/2009/7261.pdf 24 The case study identified a couple of potential instances of transnational aggression in Costa Rica against HRDs. One HRD described her experience in Costa Rica while she was participating in a protest, when an unidentified person, who she claims was a paramilitary, approached her and threatened her by telling her that “we know where you are and know your family back home.” Another HDR mentioned the easiness by which Nicaraguan policy and agents can cross into Costa Rica and potentially infiltrate exiled HRD networks and organizations. More in-depth analysis is needed to determine the spread and depth of transnational repression practices. 25 Fundación Arias para la Paz y el Progreso Humano, De la represión al exilio: Nicaragüenses en Costa Rica 2019 https://arias.or.cr/wp-content/ uploads/2019/05/1De_la_represion_al_exilio_vercompleta.pdf 26 The Economist. “Costa Rica is struggling to maintain its welfare state.” April 17, 2021. https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2021/04/15/ costa-rica-is-struggling-to-maintain-its-welfare-state 27 The CCSS is the Costa Rican Social Security Service. More information on the agreement can be found here. https://help.unhcr.org/costarica/ convenio-acnur-ccss 28 FreedomHouse.org 25