DEFENDING DEMOCRACY IN EXILE Policy Responses to Transnational Repression Endnotes Countries that have committed acts of transnational repression in Germany inAmnesty International, “Thailand: Between a rock and a hard place,” Document reference ASA 39/7031/2017, September 28, 2017, https://www. amnesty.org/en/documents/asa39/7031/2017/en/. 1 HRW, “Cambodia: Free Forcibly Returned Critic of Hun Sen,” February 9, 2018, https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/09/ cambodia-free-forcibly-returned-critic-hun-sen. 13 An Hai, “Hanoi Court Hands Vietnamese Blogger 10-Year Prison Sentence,” Voice of America, March 10, 2020, https://www.voanews.com/a/press-freedom_ hanoi-court-hands-vietnamese-blogger-10-year-prison-sentence/6185578.html. 14 Edward Wong and Poypiti Amatatham, “Ignoring Protests, Thailand Deports About 100 Uighurs back to China,” New York Times, July 9, 2015, https:// www.nytimes.com/2015/07/10/world/asia/thailand-deports-uighur-migrantsto-china.html. 2 Reporters Without Borders, “Prosecution in Thailand over Shortwave Broadcasts to China,” January 31, 2019, https://rsf.org/en/news/ prosecution-thailand-over-shortwave-broadcasts-china. 3 Office of the National Security Council, The Prime Minister’s Office, “National Security Council Act, B.E. 2559,” (2016). 4 Interviews done with Thai authorities by an in-country analyst for Freedom House, January 2022. 5 Office of the National Security Council, Office of the Prime Minister, “The National Security Policy and Plan (2019-2022), Accessed May 18, 2022, https:// www.nsc.go.th/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/The-National-Security-Policy-andPlan2019-%E2%80%93-2022.pdf. 6 Amnesty International, “Thailand: Confirm safety and whereabouts of three Thai citizens,” May 10, 2019, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/05/ thailand-confirm-safety-and-whereabouts-of-three-thai-citizens/; Human Rights Watch (HRW), “Laos/Thailand: Investigate Abduction of Exiled Red Shirt Activist,” August 1, 2017, https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/01/laos/ thailand-investigate-abduction-exiled-red-shirt-activist. 7 Office of the National Security Council, Office of the Prime Minister, “The National Security Policy and Plan (2019-2022), Accessed May 18, 2022, https:// www.nsc.go.th/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/The-National-Security-Policy-andPlan2019-%E2%80%93-2022.pdf. 8 Yimyut Sutthichaya and Thaweeporn Kummentha, “Bangkok-Phnom Penh deal? Deportation of Sam Sokha and uncertain future of Thai exiles,” Prachatai, February 23, 2018, https://prachatai.com/english/node/7645. 15 “China: Transnational Repression Case Study,” in Nate Schenkkan and Isabel Linzer, Out of Sight, Not Out of Reach: The Global Scale and Scope of Transnational Repression, (Washington, DC: Freedom House, 2021), https:// freedomhouse.org/report/transnational-repression/china. 16 Edward Wong and Poypiti Amatatham, “Ignoring Protests, Thailand Deports About 100 Uighurs Back to China,” New York Times, July 9, 2015, https:// www.nytimes.com/2015/07/10/world/asia/thailand-deports-uighur-migrantsto-china.html. 17 Office of the National Security Council, Office of the Prime Minister, “The National Security Policy and Plan (2019-2022), Accessed May 18, 2022, https:// www.nsc.go.th/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/The-National-Security-Policy-andPlan2019-%E2%80%93-2022.pdf. 18 Interviews conducted by in-country analysts for Freedom House, October 2021. 19 “Lao rights activist held in Thailand for deportation released on bail,” Radio Free Asia, February 1, 2022, https://www.rfa.org/english/news/laos/ thailand-activist-02012022142636.html; “Cambodian refugee monk arrives in Switzerland following brief arrest in Thailand,” Radio Free Asia, December 12, 2021, https://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/monk-12132021213210.html. 20 “People of concern” as defined by UNHCR include those who have been forcibly displaced (refugees, asylum seekers, internally displaced people); those who have returned home within the previous year; those who are stateless; and other groups of concern to whom UNHCR has extended its protection or provided assistance on a humanitarian basis. UNHCR, “Refugee Data Finder,” Accessed May 18, 2022, https://www.unhcr.org/refugee-statistics/ insights/explainers/forcibly-displaced-pocs.html. 21 Office of the National Security Council, Office of the Prime Minister, “The National Security Policy and Plan (2019-2022), Accessed May 18, 2022, https:// www.nsc.go.th/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/The-National-Security-Policy-andPlan2019-%E2%80%93-2022.pdf. 9 An Hai, “Hanoi Court Hands Vietnamese Blogger 10-Year Prison Sentence,” Voice of America, March 10, 2020, https://www.voanews.com/a/press-freedom_ hanoi-court-hands-vietnamese-blogger-10-year-prison-sentence/6185578.html. 10 Human Rights Council, “Opinion adopted by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention at its eighty-eighth session, 24-28 August 2020,” Opinion No. 42/2020 concerning Truong Duy Nhat (Thailand and Viet Nam). September 18, 2020. 11 UNHCR, “UNHCR in Thailand,” Accessed May 18, 2022, https://www.unhcr. org/th/en/unhcr-in-thailand#:~:text=At%20present%2C%20Thailand%20 continues%20to,480%2C000%20persons%20registered%20by%20the; UNHCR, “Thailand Fact Sheet,” June 30, 2021, https://reporting.unhcr.org/ document/541. 22 Amnesty International, “Thailand: Between a rock and a hard place,” Document reference ASA 39/7031/2017, September 28, 2017, https://www. amnesty.org/en/documents/asa39/7031/2017/en/. 23 Kay Johnson and Panu Wongcha-um, “‘Unholy alliance’? SE Asian authorities accused of trading exiled activists,” Reuters, June 21, 2019, https://www.reuters. com/article/us-asean-summit-rights-idUSKCN1TM1EI. 12 10 @FreedomHouse #TransnationalRepression