Freedom House Endnotes Lewis Mudge, “Rwandans Charged With Murder of Exiled Critic,” Human Rights Watch (HRW), September 13, 2019, https://www.hrw.org/ news/2019/09/13/rwandans-charged-murder-exiled-critic# ; Michela Wrong, “Suspects In Murder Of Ex-Rwandan Spy Chief ‘Directly Linked To Kigali’ – Inquest,” The Guardian, April 18, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/ world/2019/apr/18/south-africa-interfered-in-rwandan-spy-chiefs-case-inquest ; Michela Wrong, “Rwanda’s Khashoggi: Who Killed The Exiled Spy Chief?” The Guardian, January 15, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/jan/15/ rwanda-who-killed-patrick-karegeya-exiled-spy-chief. 1 Gwendolin Hilse, “Fleeing to South Africa,” Deutsche Welle, September 5, 2019, https://www.dw.com/en/fleeing-to-south-africa/a-18696070; Fatima Khan, Siphokazi Mbatani, and Charlotte Marais, “Trusting Democracy: The Law Can Work For Refugees But What The System Needs Is An ‘Injection Of Humanity,’” Journal of Asian and African Studies 56, no. 1 (2021): 48-63, https:// journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0021909620946850. 2 United Nations High Commissioner on Refugees, “Global Trends: Forced Displacement In 2018,” p. 47, https://www.unhcr.org/5d08d7ee7.pdf ; Parliamentary Monitoring Group, “Question NW72 to the Minister of Home Affairs,” (July 8, 2019), https://pmg.org.za/committee-question/11801/. 3 Fatima Khan, Siphokazi Mbatani, and Charlotte Marais, “Trusting Democracy: The Law Can Work for Refugees But What The System Needs Is An ‘Injection Of Humanity,” ” Journal of Asian and African Studies 56, no. 1 (2021): 48-63, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0021909620946850. 4 HRW, “South Africa: Punish Xenophobic Violence,” September 13, 2019, https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/09/13/south-africa-punish-xenophobicviolence; “Freedom in the World 2021: South Africa,” Freedom House, https:// freedomhouse.org/country/south-africa/freedom-world/2021. 5 HRW, “South Africa: Punish Xenophobic Violence,” September 13, 2019, https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/09/13/south-africa-punish-xenophobic-violence. 6 “Freedom in the World 2021: South Africa,” Freedom House, https:// freedomhouse.org/country/south-africa/freedom-world/2021. 7 National Government of South Africa “State Security Agency (SSA),” Accessed May 9, 2022, https://nationalgovernment.co.za/units/view/42/ state-security-agency-ssa. 8 Africa Report, February 26, 2021, https://www.theafricareport.com/68763/ south-africa-speechless-following-latest-murder-of-rwandan-dissident/; Rwandan Opposition Politician Shot Dead In Cape Town,” The Guardian, February 22, 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/22/ exiled-rwandan-opposition-politician-shot-dead-in-cape-town. 11 According to in-country analyst, November 2021. Republic of South Africa, “National Strategic Intelligence Act, 1994,” Republic of South Africa Government Gazette, December 2, 1994, Section 4, https:// www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/act39of1994.pdf ; Republic of South Africa, “General Intelligence Laws Amendment Act, 2013,” Republic of South Africa Government Gazette, July 23, 2013, https://www.gov. za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/36695gon528.pdf. 12 Patrick Egwu, “South African Police Are Undertrained, Uncontrolled, and Deadly,” Foreign Policy, May 31, 2021, https://foreignpolicy. com/2021/05/31/southafrica-police-brutality-julies/; Sabeehah Motala, “The Terrible Consequences Of Police Corruption In South Africa,” Voices for Transparency, July 11, 2019, https://voices.transparency.org/ the-terrible-consequences-of-police-corruption-in-south-africa-294e6fd8922. 13 Peter Fabricius, “Swazi Army Commander Resigns After Exposure Of Plot To Kill Editor,” Daily Maverick, August 23, 2021, https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/ article/2021-08-23-swazi-army-commander-resigns-after-exposure-of-plot-tokill-editor/. 14 Guy Lamb, “Safeguarding the Republic? The South African Police Service, Legitimacy and the Tribulations of Policing a Violent Democracy,” Journal of Asian and African Studies, 56, no. 1 (2021): 92-108, https://journals. sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0021909620946853; “Freedom in the World 2021: South Africa,” Freedom House, https://freedomhouse.org/country/ south-africa/freedom-world/2021; Fatima Khan, Siphokazi Mbatani, and Charlotte Marais, “Trusting Democracy: The Law Can Work For Refugees But What The System Needs Is An ‘Injection Of Humanity’” Journal of Asian and African Studies 56, no. 1 (2021): 48-63, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/ full/10.1177/0021909620946850. 15 “South Africa Expels Rwanda Diplomats,” British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), March 7, 2014, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26492391. 16 “Rwandan Nyamwasa Murder Plot: Four Guilty in South Africa,” British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), August 29, 2014, https://www.bbc.com/news/ world-africa-28981317. 17 Lynsey Chutel and Abdi Latif Dahir, “Rwanda Opposition Figure Is Killed in South Africa,” New York Times, February 21, 2022, https://www.nytimes. com/2021/02/22/world/africa/rwanda-seif-bamporiki-killing.html; “Exiled Rwandan Opposition Politician Shot Dead In Cape Town,” The Guardian, February 22, 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/22/ exiled-rwandan-opposition-politician-shot-dead-in-cape-town. 9 “Rwandan Opposition Group Coordinator in SA, Seif Bamporiki, Killed In Cape Town,” News24, February 22, 2021, https://www.news24.com/ news24/southafrica/news/seif-bamporiki-rwanda-national-congresscoordinator-in-sa-killed-in-cape-town-20210222; Lynsey Chutel and Abdi Latif Dahir, “Rwanda Opposition Figure Is Killed in South Africa” New York Times, February 22, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/22/ world/africa/rwanda-seif-bamporiki-killing.html; Anna Maree, “South Africa Speechless Following Latest Murder Of Rwandan Dissident,” 10 Michela Wrong, Do Not Disturb: The Story of a Political Murder and an African Regime Gone Bad, (New York: Public Affairs, 2021), 87. 18 ISS Africa, “Are Rwanda and South Africa Irreconcilable?” September 10, 2019, https://issafrica.org/iss-today/are-rwanda-and-south-africairreconcilable; Agence France Presse, “South Africa Wants Suspected Killers Of Rwanda’s Karegeya Extradited, Arrested,” Africa News, September 10, 2019, https://www.africanews.com/2019/09/10/south-africa-wantssuspected-killers-of-rwanda-s-karegeya-extradited-arrested//; “Joint Rwanda And S. Africa Team To Guide Efforts To Mend Relations,” The East African, June 15, 2021, https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/ rwanda-south-africa-mend-relations-3437816. 19 freedomhouse.org 9