OUT OF SIGHT, NOT OUT OF REACH The Global Scale and Scope of Transnational Repression “Paul Kagame,” Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/ Paul-Kagame#ref961870. 135 Theogene Cyiza, “‘Rebel Leader Maj Callixte Sankara’ Journey from Rwanda back to Rwanda,” Chronicles, May 17, 2019, https://www.chronicles.rw/2019/05/17/ rebel-leader-maj-callixte-sankara-journey-from-rwanda-back-to-rwanda/. 136 Human Rights Watch, “Rwanda: Repression across Borders,” January 28, 2014, https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/01/28/ rwanda-repression-across-borders#. 137 Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, “Rwanda: The Rwanda National Congress (RNC), including Information on Its Structure and Leaders; Treatment of RNC Members by the Government,” March 26, 2014, https://www. refworld.org/docid/543b89e14.html. 138 Donna Bryson, “Exiled Foes Live in Fear of Kagame,” Washington Times, January 26, 2011, https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/jan/26/ exiled-foes-live-in-fear-of-kagame/. 139 Geoffrey York and Judi Rever, “Assassination in Africa: Inside the Plots to Kill Rwanda’s Dissidents,” Globe and Mail, May 2, 2014, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/ article-assassination-in-africa-inside-the-plots-to-kill-rwandas-dissidents/. 140 Geoffrey York and Judi Rever, “Assassination in Africa: Inside the Plots to Kill Rwanda’s Dissidents.” 141 Abdi Latif Dahir et al, “How the Hero of ‘Hotel Rwanda’ Fell Into a Vengeful Strongman’s Trap,” New York Times, September 18, 2020, https://www.nytimes. com/2020/09/18/world/africa/rwanda-paul-rusesabagina.html. 142 Rusesabagina is not the only Rwandan exile to flee Europe for the United States. Major Rober Higiro relocated from Belgium to the United States in response to US government intelligence about an assassination plot against him. US House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights, and International Organizations, “Testimony of Major, Robert Higiro,” September 27, 2017, https://www.congress.gov/115/meeting/ house/106435/witnesses/HHRG-115-FA16-Wstate-HigiroR-20170927.pdf. 143 According to Rwanda’s National Commission for the Fight against Genocide, “he is a liar, a genocide denier and a promoter of hate speech based on ethnicity,” and “he perceived the genocide as a war, a war between Hutu and Tutsi.” Republic of Rwanda National Commission for the Fight against Genocide, “Rusesabagina Continues to Deny the Genocide against the Tutsi,” January 18, 2018, https://cnlg.gov.rw/index.php?id=87&tx_news_ pi1%5Bnews%5D=2919&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_ pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&cHash=252680daef4a246358b3a6ef3109757d. 144 Amnesty International, “Rwanda: Paul Rusesabagina Must Be Guaranteed a Fair Trial,” September 14, 2020, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/ news/2020/09/rwanda-paul-rusesabagina-must-be-guaranteed-a-fair-trial/. 145 Abdi Latif Dahir et al., “How the Hero of ‘Hotel Rwanda’ Fell Into a Vengeful Strongman’s Trap,” New York Times, September 20, 2020, https://www. nytimes.com/2020/09/18/world/africa/rwanda-paul-rusesabagina.html. 146 Abdi Latif Dahir, “Rwanda Hints It Tricked ‘Hotel Rwanda’ Dissident into Coming Home,” New York Times, September 18, 2020, https://www.nytimes. com/2020/09/06/world/africa/paul-rusesabagina-hotel-rwanda-arrest.html. 147 Jessica Purkiss, “Why Did Rwanda Abduct Our Dad?,” Daily Beast, October 18, 2020, https://www.thedailybeast.com/jean-chrysostomentirugiribambes-family-why-did-rwanda-abduct-our-dad; Kamore Maina, “Rwandese ‘Snatched and Sent Back Home,’” Star, July 8, 2015, https:// 148 66 @FreedomHouse www.the-star.co.ke/news/2015-07-08-rwandese-snatched-and-sentback-home/; Judi Rever, In Praise of Blood: The Crimes of the Rwandan Patriotic Front, Toronto: Vintage Canada, 2018, 186–88, https://books. google.com/books?id=i9LMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA186&lpg=PA186&dq=Em ile+Gafirita&source=bl&ots=hI-oC5Bwuo&sig=ACfU3U3gwcWhmP-OsQ BVTJVMmu884pTfrA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj279OZus3qAhXCmHIEHf_4D10Q6AEwEHoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=Emile%20 Gafirita&f=false; Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, “Communications and Cases Examined, Observations Made and Other Activities Conducted at the 107th Session (14–18 September 2015),” UN Human Rights Council, December 1, 2015, A/HRC/WGEID/107/1, https://www. ohchr.org/en/issues/disappearances/pages/annual.aspx. Human Rights Watch, “‘We Will Force You to Confess’: Torture and Unlawful Military Detention in Rwanda,” October 10, 2017, https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/10/10/we-will-force-you-confess/ torture-and-unlawful-military-detention-rwanda. 149 David Himbara, “More than 50 Rwandan Refugees Based in Uganda Were Either Kidnapped to Rwanda, Disappeared or Killed in 2008–2015,” Medium, February 17, 2019, https://medium.com/@david.himbara_27884/ more-than-50-rwandan-refugees-based-in-uganda-were-either-kidnapped-torwanda-disappeared-or-b2dc69d94ae6. 150 “Rwandans at the Heart of Uganda-Rwanda Row,” Daily Monitor, March 30, 2019, https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Rwandans-heartUganda-Rwanda-row/688334-5049270-1ve09u/index.html; Judi Rever, “What Is Happening to Rwandan Refugees in Uganda?,” Le Monde diplomatique, June 5, 2013, https://mondediplo.com/outsidein/what-is-happening-torwandan-refugees-in-uganda; International Refugee Rights Initiative, “Abuses against Rwandan Refugees in Uganda: Has Time Come for Accountability?,” August 27, 2018, http://refugee-rights.org/abuses-against-rwandan-refugeesin-uganda-has-time-come-for-accountability/; Mehul Srivastava and Tom Wilson, “Inside the WhatsApp Hack: How an Israeli Technology Was Used to Spy,” Financial Times, October 29, 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/ d9127eae-f99d-11e9-98fd-4d6c20050229. 151 International Refugee Rights Initiative, “Abuses against Rwandan Refugees in Uganda: Has Time Come for Accountability?,” August 27, 2018, http:// refugee-rights.org/abuses-against-rwandan-refugees-in-uganda-has-timecome-for-accountability/. 152 International Refugee Rights Initiative, “Abuses against Rwandan Refugees in Uganda: Has Time Come for Accountability?” 153 “Uganda Charges Ex-Police Chief Who Fell Out with President,” Associated Press, August 24, 2018, https://apnews. com/article/d57ed623e32d49dbabb7cf5493a1a2f8; Ivan M. Ashaba and Gerald Bareebe, “Uganda: A Police Chief on Trial and Deepening Suspicions with Rwanda,” African Arguments, September 10, 2018, https://africanarguments.org/2018/09/10/ uganda-police-chief-kayihura-trial-deepening-suspicions-rwanda/. 154 Mehul Srivastava and Tom Wilson, “Inside the WhatsApp Hack: How an Israeli Technology Was Used to Spy,” Financial Times, October 29, 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/d9127eae-f99d-11e9-98fd-4d6c20050229. 155 Mehul Srivastava and Tom Wilson, “Inside the WhatsApp Hack: How an Israeli Technology Was Used to Spy.” 156 Stephanie Kirchgaessner and Jason Burke, “Rwanda Dissidents Suspect Paul Rusesabagina Was Under Surveillance,” Guardian, September 3, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/03/ rwanda-dissidents-suspect-paul-rusesabagina-was-under-surveillance. 157 #TransnationalRepression