OUT OF SIGHT, NOT OUT OF REACH The Global Scale and Scope of Transnational Repression “Conceptualizing Malign Influence of Putin’s Russia in Europe,” Free Russia, 2020, https://www.4freerussia.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/04/MalighInfluence_web_eng-5.pdf; Matt Schrader, “Friends and Enemies: A Framework for Understanding Chinese Political Interference in Democratic Countries,” Alliance for Securing Democracy, April 22, 2020, https://securingdemocracy. gmfus.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Friends-and-Enemies-A-Frameworkfor-Understanding-Chinese-Political-Interference-in-Democratic-Countries.pdf. Christopher Walker and Jessica Ludwig, “The Meaning of Sharp Power,” Foreign Affairs, November 16, 2017, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/ china/2017-11-16/meaning-sharp-power. 28 Emanuela Dalmasso, Adele del Sordi, Marlies Glasius, Nicole Hirt, Marcus Michaelsen, Abdulkader S. Mohammad, and Dana Moss, “Intervention: Extraterritorial Authoritarian Power.” Political Geography 64 (2017), 95–104, http://www.authoritarianism-global.uva.nl/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/ PG-Interventions.pdf. 29 30 Freedom House interview with Iranian exile, November 2019. 31 Freedom House interview with Rwandan exile, December 2019. Gillian Kennedy, Dana Moss, and Marcus Michaelsen, “Going After the Family: Diaspora Activism, Transnational Repression, and Proxy Punishment,” Unpublished Manuscript. 32 33 Freedom House interview, December 2019. Marc de Miramon, “Brutal from the Beginning,” Harper Magazine, August 2019, https://harpers.org/archive/2019/08/ brutal-from-the-beginning-paul-kagame-rwanda/. 34 “Firari FETÖ’cüler için 105 ülkeyle yürütülen iade trafiği” [Return traffic with 105 countries for fugitive FETO members], August 13, 2020, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/15-temmuz-darbe-girisimi/ firari-fetoculer-icin-105-ulkeyle-yurutulen-iade-trafigi/1908422. 35 “Ruhollah Zam: Iran ‘arrests exiled journalist’ for Fanning Unrest,” British Broadcasting Corporation, October 14, 2019, https://www.bbc.com/news/ world-middle-east-50045089. 36 “Paul Rusesabagina of ‘Hotel Rwanda’ Fame Was ‘Kidnapped,’ Daughter Says,” The New York Times, September 18, 2020, https://www.nytimes. com/2020/09/01/world/africa/rwanda-paul-rusesabagina-kidnapped.html. 37 “Challenging a Red Notice,” AILA Law Journal, April 2019, https://www. grossmanyoung.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/155/2019/04/AILA-1-1-bromund. pdf; “What is Interpol?,” Interpol, https://www.interpol.int/Who-we-are/Whatis-INTERPOL, accessed December 23, 2020. 38 Dissent in Igor V. Borbot v. Warden Hudson County Correctional Facility, (D.C. No. 2:17-cv-04646), United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, 2018, http://www2.ca3.uscourts.gov/opinarch/172814p.pdf. 39 “Interpol Fact Sheet: Interpol Notice System,” Interpol, https://www.interpol. int/en/How-we-work/Notices/About-Notices, see last PDF on the page. As cited in Edward Lemon, “Weaponizing Interpol.” Journal of Democracy 30, no. 2 (2019): 15–29, https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/ weaponizing-interpol/#f17. 40 Not all Red Notices and their notifying country are made public. Special thanks to Theodore Bromund of the Heritage Foundation for pointing this figure out. “View Red Notices,” Interpol, https://www.interpol.int/en/How-wework/Notices/View-Red-Notices, accessed December 23, 2020. 41 42 62 Natasha Bertrand, “He Fought Corruption in Russia. ICE Wants to Deport @FreedomHouse Him,” Politico, September 3, 2020, https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/03/ gregory-duralev-ice-deportation-408607. “lsm.lv — Интерпол в ЕС стал инструментом российских репрессий — доклад [lsm.lv - Interpol in the EU has become an 43 instrument of Russian repression - report],” AREM, https://arem.lv/ interpol-v-es-stal-instrumentom-rossijskih-repressij-doklad/. Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, “Abusive Use of the Interpol System: the Need for More Stringent Legal Safeguards,” March 29, 2017, https:// assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=23524&lang=en. 44 The international NGO Fair Trials deserves credit for its long-term work to reform INTERPOL. See Fair Trials, “Dismantling the Tools of Oppression,” October 4, 2018, https://www.fairtrials.org/publication/ dismantling-tools-oppression. 45 Dana M. Moss, “Special Report 2020: The Importance of Defending Diaspora Activism for Democracy and Human Rights,” Freedom House, 2020, https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2020/ importance-defending-diaspora-activism-democracy-and-human-rights. 46 Reporters Without Borders, “RSF Condemns the UK’s Seizure of Syrian Journalist’s Passport,” September 26, 2016, https://rsf.org/en/news/ rsf-condemns-uks-seizure-syrian-journalists-passport. 47 “Vietnamese Blogger in Exile Stops Writing, Citing Authorities’ Pressure on His Family Back Home,” Radio Free Asia, March 2, 2020, https://www. rfa.org/english/news/vietnam/writing-03022020163227.html; Reporters Without Borders, “Dissident Exile Stops Blogging Because Family in Vietnam is Being Hounded,” March 2, 2020, https://rsf.org/en/news/ dissident-exile-stops-blogging-because-family-vietnam-being-hounded. 48 Fiona B. Adamson and Gerasimos Tsourapas, “Special Report 2020: At Home and Abroad: Coercion-by-Proxy as a Tool of Transnational Repression,” Freedom House, 2020, https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2020/ home-and-abroad-coercion-proxy-tool-transnational-repression. 49 Dana Moss, Gillian Kennedy, and Marcus Michaelsen, “Going After the Family: Diaspora Activism, Transnational Repression, and Proxy Punishment,” publication forthcoming. 50 Marcus Michaelsen, “Special Report 2020: The Digital Transnational Repression Toolkit, and Its Silencing Effects,” Freedom House, 2020, https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2020/ digital-transnational-repression-toolkit-and-its-silencing-effects. 51 Noura al-Jizawi, Siena Anstis, Sharly Chan, Adam Senft, and Ronald J. Deibert, “Annotated Bibliography: Transnational Digital Repression,” Citizen Lab, October 2020, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/AnnotatedBibliography-Transnational-Digital-Threats.pdf. 53 Crofton Black, “Spy Companies Using Channel Islands to Track Phones around the World,” Bureau of Investigative Journalism, December 16, 2020, https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2020-12-16/ spy-companies-using-channel-islands-to-track-phones-around-the-world. 54 Kate Conger, Mike Isaac, Katie Benner, and Nicole Perlroth, “Former Twitter Employees Charged with Spying for Saudi Arabia,” New York Times, November 6, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/06/technology/twitter-saudiarabia-spies.html. 55 Yaqiu Wang, “WeChat Is a Trap for China’s Diaspora,” Human Rights Watch, August 14, 2020, https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/08/14/ wechat-trap-chinas-diaspora#. 56 #TransnationalRepression