Freedom House Endnotes Freedom House coded all incidents on a 0–3 scale of confidence regarding (a) the source of information and (b) the likelihood that the incident was sponsored by a state. Incidents that scored a 0 on either of these measures were excluded from the count. Attribution of some incidents, especially assassinations and unexplained disappearances, can be difficult. 1 For the purposes of this analysis, Freedom House excluded cases of “pushbacks,” in which the receiving country returned a migrant without due process, but without the explicit involvement of the migrant’s origin country. While pushbacks are serious human rights violations, they do not fall within the scope of this report. For the full methodology, see https://freedomhouse. org/report/transnational-repression/about-acknowledgements. Weapon,” The New York Times, March 22, 2019, https://www.nytimes. com/2019/03/22/world/europe/interpol-most-wanted-red-notices. html?smid=nytcore-ios-share. Fair Trials, “Dismantling the Tools of Oppression,” October 4, 2018, https:// www.fairtrials.org/publication/dismantling-tools-oppression. 16 2 Alexander Cooley, “The League of Authoritarian Gentlemen,” Foreign Policy, January 30, 2013, https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/01/30/the-leagueof-authoritarian-gentlemen/; Melissa Carlson and Barbara Koremenos, “Cooperation Failure or Secret Collusion? Absolute Monarchs and Informal Cooperation,” March 28, 2020, https://www.melissaannecarlson.com/ uploads/8/4/7/2/84723774/rio_manuscript_-_march_28_2020_.pdf. 17 Of the 608 cases, detentions and unlawful deportations account for 380, or 62.50 percent. 18 Freedom House, “Freedom in the World 2019: Democracy in Retreat,” 2019, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/democracy-retreat. 19 3 Ronen Bergman, Rise and Kill First: The Secret History of Israel’s Targeted Assassinations, New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, July 9, 2019. 4 Jon Nordheimer, “Libyan Exiles in Britain Live in Fear of Qaddafi Assassins,” The New York Times, April 26, 1984, https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/26/ world/libyan-exiles-in-britain-live-in-fear-of-qaddafi-assassins.html. 5 Yossi Shain, Frontier of Loyalty, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005, 161. 6 Gerasimos Tsourapas, “Global Autocracies: Strategies of Transnational Repression, Legitimation, and Co-Optation in World Politics,” International Studies Review, August 29, 2020, https://academic.oup.com/isr/advance-article/ doi/10.1093/isr/viaa061/5899220. 7 Dana M. Moss, “Special Report 2020: The Importance of Defending Diaspora Activism for Democracy and Human Rights,” Freedom House, 2020, https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2020/ importance-defending-diaspora-activism-democracy-and-human-rights. 8 Human Rights Council, “Surveillance and Human Rights,” May 28, 2019, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Special-Rapporteur-reportSurveillance-and-human-rights.pdf. 9 Privacy International, “The Global Surveillance Industry,” February 16, 2018, https://privacyinternational.org/explainer/1632/global-surveillance-industry. 10 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Khashoggi Killing: UN Human Rights Expert Says Saudi Arabia is Responsible for ‘premeditated execution’,” June 19, 2019, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24713. 11 “The War on Terror,” Daily Sabah, https://www.dailysabah.com/war-onterror; Sean R. Roberts, “Why Did the United States Take China’s Word on Supposed Uighur Terrorists?,” Foreign Policy, November 10, 2020, https:// foreignpolicy.com/2020/11/10/why-did-the-united-states-take-chinas-wordon-supposed-uighur-terrorists/; Geoffrey York and Judi Rever, “Assassination in Africa: Inside the Plots to Kill Rwanda’s Dissidents,” The Globe and Mail, May 2, 2014, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-assassinationin-africa-inside-the-plots-to-kill-rwandas-dissidents/; “Rwanda Arrests the Man Who Shielded People From Genocide,” The Economist, September 3, 2020, https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2020/09/03/ rwanda-arrests-the-man-who-shielded-people-from-genocide. Of 608 cases, 352 (or 57.89 percent) involved an accusation of terrorism or extremism against the targeted individual. For more details about how Freedom House coded this question, visit https://freedomhouse.org/report/ transnational-repression/about-acknowledgements. 20 Of 608 cases, 475 seem to have involved people of Muslim origin, based on their names and/or known identities. Freedom House makes no assumptions about the religious beliefs or practices of these individuals. 21 “Testimony of Hatice Cengiz,” US House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs, May 16, 2019, https://www.congress.gov/116/meeting/ house/109482/witnesses/HHRG-116-FA16-Wstate-CengizH-20190516.pdf. 22 23 Bob Woodward, Rage, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2020, 201. Larry Diamond et al., Authoritarianism Goes Global, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, April 15, 2016. 24 Freedom House, “Freedom in the World 2019: Democracy in Retreat,” 2019, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/democracy-retreat. 25 Marcus Michaelsen, “The Silencing Effect of Digital Transnational Repression,” Hivos, February 26, 2020, https://hivos.org/news/ the-silencing-effect-of-digital-transnational-repression/. 12 “Кадыров угрожает эмигрантам из Чечни” [Kadyrov threatens emigrants from Chechnya], June 6, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=uOcdFuFXyIs. 13 Larry Diamond et al., “Introduction,” Authoritarianism Goes Global, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, April 15, 2016; Arch Puddington, “Special Report 2017: Breaking Down Democracy,” Freedom House, https:// freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2017/breaking-down-democracy. 26 Mark Galeotti, “Russia Pursues ‘dark power’ and the West Has No AAnswer,” Raamop Rusland, March 15, 2018, https://raamoprusland.nl/dossiers/ kremlin/894-russia-pursues-dark-power-and-the-west-has-no-answer; National Endowment for Democracy, “‘Sharp Power: Rising Authoritarian Influence’: New Forum Report,” December 5, 2017, https://www.ned.org/ sharp-power-rising-authoritarian-influence-forum-report/; Anton Shekhovtsov, 27 Idil Atak and François Crépeau, “Chapter 8: The Securitization of Asylum and Human Rights in Canada and the European Union,” Contemporary Issues in Refugee Law, Queen’s University: Belfast, June 28, 2013, 227–57, https://www. elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781782547655/9781782547655.00018.xml. 14 15 Matt Apuzzo, “How Strongmen Turned Interpol Into Their Personal freedomhouse.org 61