DEFENDING DEMOCRACY IN EXILE: POLICY RESPONSES TO TRANSNATIONAL REPRESSION TABLE OF CONTENTS Defending Democracy in Exile........................................................................ 1 Stifling Dissent in 2021.................................................................................... 3 Tracking Physical Transnational Repression................................................. 9 Examining Policy Responses to Transnational Repression .......................... 10 Mapping Transnational Repression................................................................ 18 Protecting Human Rights at International Organizations............................ 20 Countering Digital Transnational Repression................................................ 26 Policy Recommendations................................................................................ 33 For governments.................................................................................................. 33 For civil society..................................................................................................... 35 For UN member states........................................................................................ 35 For technology companies................................................................................. 35 About the Project............................................................................................ 36 Endnotes.......................................................................................................... 37 ON THE COVER Cover photo credits: Samad/AFP via Getty Images; Lapinski/NurPhoto via Shutterstock; Bozoglu/EPA-EFE via Shutterstock; Webster via Shutterstock; Ann/Stringer via Getty Images; Secchi via Getty Images. SUGGESTED CITATION This project was made possible through the generous support of the National Endowment for Democracy. Yana Gorokhovskaia and Isabel Linzer, Defending Democracy in Exile: Policy Responses to Transnational Repression (Washington, DC: Freedom House, June 2022), https://freedomhouse.org/ sites/default/files/2022-06/Complete_ TransnationalRepressionReport2022.

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