in uncertainty to further their human rights advocacy. In addition to the rise of far-right movements across different host countries, fresh regional conflicts have largely diverted international attention away from Afghanistan, isolating Afghanistan's HRDs in exile. It has also been found that most exiled HRDs are restricted in their capacity to advocate publicly due to reprisal threats against their family members back in Afghanistan. security protection and fostering strong collaboration between diaspora groups and INGOs, we can significantly enhance and sustain the impact of human rights efforts by Afghanistan's exiled HRDs. It will help ensure that the Taliban’s human rights violations remain in the global spotlight and those fighting for justice and accountability are empowered to continue their work, both from exile, and inside Afghanistan. The Taliban’s systematic and widespread repression of HRDs created a climate of fear, forcing many of HRDs to flee the country. This exodus has caused a significant brain drain of experienced and well-trained HRDs, undermining the prospects for human rights work in Afghanistan. As a result, there is a great need to address these challenges through targeted interventions. This includes, among others, improving communication and coordination among exiled HRDs and those inside Afghanistan and providing tailored capacity-building programmes. Recommendations With support from donors and INGOs, emerging HRDs should also be identified and trained to fill the gap as a result of brain drain. Likewise, in-country HRDs should also be provided adequate protection mechanisms, enhanced security, and human and financial resources to undertake tasks with minimum security concerns. To conclude, the prospect of long-term holistic support from Afghanistan’s HRDs in exile hinges largely on the commitments of diplomatic channels, INGOs and donor community. This commitment is often diminished by an existing competitive attitude of INGOs and donor organizations towards HRDs in exile to address the current protection gaps. By providing flexible, accessible and strategic financial support, including the involvement of HRDs in key decision-making, improving The following section presents a critically concise list of recommendations derived from a wide range of sources, including stakeholder interviews and focus group session, on top of which donors, INGOs, and Afghanistan’s HRDs of various backgrounds, as well as relevant literature. The recommendations are, of course, made to different stakeholders, including donors, INGOs, Afghanistan’s human rights groups, and others to offer short-term and long-term support for Afghanistan’s HRDs inside and outside the country. Short-term Recommendations • Facilitate Safe Communication and Human Rights Work Since the majority of experienced HRDs have already left Afghanistan, it is highly important that donors and INGOs provide a particular set of training for remaining or emerging HRDs in the country. This set of training, among other things, shall include: ◊ Safe and secure communication tools; ◊ Digital assessment; security and risk ◊ Stress management and coping mechanism strategies; and 27