Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge and thank all research participants who generously agreed to be interviewed for this report and to share their personal experiences. Their stories underscore the courage it takes to engage in human rights activism, and we are grateful for their willingness to speak with us. We would also like to thank Masashi Crete-Nishihata and Marcus Michaelsen for their peer reviews of this report, Céline Bauwens, Émilie LaFlèche, and Joyce Parsons for copyediting, Bill Marczak, Bahr Abdul Razzak, and John Scott-Railton for their assistance in digital investigations, and Mari Zhou and Miles Kenyon for their assistance in designing and formatting this report. About the Citizen Lab, Munk School of Global Affairs & Public Policy, University of Toronto The Citizen Lab is an interdisciplinary laboratory based at the Munk School of Global Affairs & Public Policy, University of Toronto, focusing on research, development, and high-level strategic policy and legal engagement at the intersection of information and communication technologies, human rights, and global security. We use a “mixed methods” approach to research that combines methods from political science, law, computer science, and area studies. Our research includes investigating digital espionage against civil society, documenting Internet filtering and other technologies and practices that impact freedom of expression online, analyzing privacy, security, and information controls of popular applications, and examining transparency and accountability mechanisms relevant to the relationship between corporations and state agencies regarding personal data and other surveillance activities. iii