DEFENDING DEMOCRACY IN EXILE Policy Responses to Transnational Repression Endnotes Recep Tayyip Erdogan, “Recep Tayyip Erdogan: Saudi Arabia Still Has Many Questions To Answer About Jamal Khashoggi’s Killing,” Washington Post, November 2, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/ wp/2018/11/02/recep-tayyip-erdogan-saudi-arabia-still-has-many-questionsto-answer-about-jamal-khashoggis-killing/. 1 “Turkey: Transnational Repression Case Study,” in Nate Schenkkan and Isabel Linzer, Out of Sight, Not Out of Reach: The Global Scale and Scope of Transnational Repression, (Washington, DC: Freedom House, 2021), https:// freedomhouse.org/report/transnational-repression/turkey. 2 Kareem Fahim, “Turkey Announces Arrest of 2 Men on Suspicion of Spying for UAE,” Washington Post, April 19, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost. com/world/middle_east/turkey-announces-arrest-of-two-agents-accusedof-spying-for-the-uae/2019/04/19/494bd16e-62ab-11e9-87b8-3f2ec40cd81c_ story.html. 3 “Turkey Arrests Russians Suspected of Planning Attacks on Chechens -State Media,” Reuters, October 21, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/world/ middle-east/turkey-arrests-russians-suspected-planning-attacks-chechensstate-media-2021-10-21/. 4 Umar Farooq, “Former Pilot Says Iranian Agents Tried To Kidnap Him In Turkey,” Al-Jazeera, October 25, 2021, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/25/ former-pilot-says-iranian-agents-tried-to-kidnap-him-in-turkey. 5 6 Interview with Uyghur diaspora leader conducted in-country January 2022. Memorial Human Rights Center, “ Туркменские активисты задержаны за попытку провести в Стамбуле акцию протеста против политики Бердымухамедова, [Turkmen Activists Detained For Attempting To Hold Protest Rally In Istanbul Against Berdimuhamedov’s Policies,]” August 2, 2021, https://memohrc.org/ru/news_old/turkmenskieaktivisty-zaderzhany-za-popytku-provesti-v-stambule-akciyu-protesta-protiv. 7 Bruce Pannier, “Pressure Builds On Turkmen Activists In Turkey,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, October 19, 2021, https://www.rferl.org/a/ turkmenistan-persecution-opposition-turkey/31518967.html. 8 “Wife Of Turkmen Opposition Activist Says Ashgabat Has Given Arrest List To Turkey,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, October 20, 2021, https://www. rferl.org/a/turkmenistan-arrest-list-turkey/31520645.html. 9 Human Rights Watch (HRW), “Pressure on Turkmen Nationals in Turkey Must Be Stopped,” November 2, 2021, https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/02/ pressure-turkmen-nationals-turkey-must-be-stopped. 10 “Turkish Leader Calls Xinjiang Killings ‘Genocide,’” Reuters, July 10, 2009, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-china-sb/ turkish-leader-calls-xinjiang-killings-genocide-idUSTRE56957D20090710. 11 Asim Kashgarian and Ezel Sahinkaya, “Turkey Cracks Down on Uighur Protesters After China Complains,” Voice of America, March 5, 2021, https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_turkey-cracks-down-uighurprotesters-after-china-complains/6202920.html. 12 Asim Kashgarian and Ezel Sahinkaya, “Turkey Cracks Down on Uighur Protesters After China Complains”; Joanna Kakissis, “’I Thought It Would Be Safe’: Uyghurs In Turkey Now Fear China’s Long Arm,” National Public Radio, March 13, 2020, https://www.npr.org/2020/03/13/800118582/i-thought-itwould-be-safe-Uyghurs-in-turkey-now-fear-china-s-long-arm. 13 According to an interview conducted by an in-country analyst, November 2021. 14 10 @FreedomHouse Сердар Айтаков (Serder Aitakov), “Туркменское колесо в турецкой телеге, ”[Turkish Wheel in a Turkish Cart], Независимая [Independent], October 3, 2021, https://www.ng.ru/ courier/2021-10-03/11_8267_turkmenia.html. 15 Ayca Alemdaroglu and Sultan Tepe, “Erdogan Is Turning Turkey Into a Chinese Client State,” Foreign Policy, September 15, 2020, https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/09/16/ erdogan-is-turning-turkey-into-a-chinese-client-state/. 16 “China Announces Ratification of Extradition Treaty With Turkey,” France24, December 28, 20201, https://www.france24.com/en/ asia-pacific/20201228-china-announces-ratification-of-extraditiontreaty-with-turkey; Asim Kashgarian and Ezel Sahinkaya, “Analysts: Extradition Treaty Between Turkey, China Endangers Uighur Refugees,” Voice of America, January 7, 2021, https://www.voanews.com/a/ east-asia-pacific_analysts-extradition-treaty-between-turkey-chinaendangers-uighur-refugees/6200467.html. 17 “Turkish Foreign Minister Brings Up ‘Sensitivities’ of Uyghur Treatment in Visit to China,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, January 12, 2022, https:// www.rferl.org/a/turkey-china-visit-uyghurs-cavusoglu/31651339.html. 18 David D. Kirkpatrick and Carlotta Gall, “Audio Offers Gruesome Details of Jamal Khashoggi Killing, Turkish Official Says,” New York Times, October 17, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/17/world/europe/turkey-saudikhashoggi-dismember.html. 19 “Audio Transcripts Of Jamal Khashoggi’s Murder Revealed,” Al Jazeera, September 10, 2019, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/10/ audio-transcripts-of-jamal-khashoggis-murder-revealed. 20 Alexandra Ma, “Turkey’s Response To The Khashoggi Killing Is Sending A Message To Saudi Arabia: You Chose The Wrong Country For A Murder,” Business Insider, October 23, 2018, https://www.businessinsider.com/ turkey-sends-strong-message-to-saudi-over-khashoggi-killing-2018-10. 21 Ragip Soylu, “Exports From Turkey To Saudi Arabia Plummet By 92 Percent Amid Unofficial Boycott,” Middle East Eye, February 4, 2021, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/ turkey-saudi-arabia-exports-shrink-unofficial-boycott. 22 Samuel Ramani, “The Qatar Blockade is Over, but the Gulf Crisis Lives On,” Foreign Policy, January 27, 2021, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/27/ qatar-blockade-gcc-divisions-turkey-libya-palestine/. 23 Safak Timur and Ben Hubbard, “Turkey Transfers Khashoggi Murder Trial to Saudi Arabia,” The New York Times, April 7, 2022, https://www.nytimes. com/2022/04/07/world/middleeast/khashoggi-murder-trial-turkey-saudiarabia.html#:~:text=ISTANBUL%20%E2%80%94%20A%20court%20in%20 Turkey,crime%20that%20drew%20global%20outrage. 24 World Bank Group, “10 Years On, Turkey Continues Its Support for an Ever-Growing Number of Syrian Refugees,” June 22, 2021, https://www. worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2021/06/22/10-years-on-turkey-continues-itssupport-for-an-ever-growing-number-of-syrian-refugees. 25 Kyilah Terry, “The EU-Turkey Deal, Five Years On: A Frayed and Controversial but Enduring Blueprint,” Migration Policy Institute, April 8, 2021, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/eu-turkey-deal-five-years-on. 26 27 In-country analyst. #TransnationalRepression