DEFENDING DEMOCRACY IN EXILE Policy Responses to Transnational Repression Endnotes Department of Justice, U.S. Attorney’s Office, Southern District of New York, “Manhattan U.S. Attorney Announces Kidnapping Conspiracy Charges Against an Iranian Intelligence Officer and Members of an Iranian Intelligence Network,” July 13, 2021, https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/manhattan-usattorney-announces-kidnapping-conspiracy-charges-against-iranian. 1 Robin Wright, “Iran’s Kidnapping Plot Exposes Its Paranoia,” The New Yorker, July 19, 2021, https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/ irans-kidnapping-plot-exposes-its-paranoia. 2 Arash Azizi, “Why is Iran Kidnapping and Executing Dissidents?” The New York Times, January 12, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/12/opinion/irankidnap-execute-dissidents.html. 3 An estimated 44.9 million people living in the United States were not US citizens at birth. Congressional Research Service, “Citizenship and Immigration Statuses of the U.S. Foreign-Born Population,” April 9, 2021, https://sgp.fas.org/ crs/homesec/IF11806.pdf. Approximately 4 million foreign-born US residents come from the top 10 most prolific perpetrators of transnational repression: China, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Eritrea, and Azerbaijan. 4 5 Freedom House interview, February 2022. 6 Freedom House interview, February 2022. Spencer S. Hsu, “Mohamed Soltan, U.S. citizen held as political prisoner, files torture lawsuit against Egypt’s ex-prime minister,” The Washington Post, June 6, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/ local/legal-issues/mohamed-soltan-us-citizen-held-as-political-prisonerfiles-torture-lawsuit-against-egypts-ex-prime-minister/2020/06/01/ b484d330-a1d5-11ea-b5c9-570a91917d8d_story.html. 7 Human Rights Watch (HRW), “Egypt: Rights Defender’s Relatives Arrested,” June 24, 2020, https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/24/ egypt-rights-defenders-relatives-arrested. 8 Amnesty International, “Rwanda: Fair trial violations in Rusesabagina trial verdict must be effectively remedied,” September 20, 2021, https:// www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/09/rwanda-fair-trial-violations-inrusesabagina-trial-verdict-must-be-effectively-remedied/; American Bar Association, “Rwanda: Background Briefing on Proceedings against Paul Rusesabagina,” January 26, 2021, https://www.americanbar.org/groups/ human_rights/reports/background_briefing_rwanda_paul_rusesabagina/; Clooney Foundation for Justice, “Hotel Rwanda Figure Paul Rusesabagina’s Trial ‘Seriously Flawed’ Says TrialWatch Report,” April 4, 2022, https://cfj.org/ news_posts/hotel-rwanda-figure-paul-rusesabaginas-trial-seriously-flawedsays-trialwatch-report/. 14 15 Freedom House interview, February 2022. Bradley Jardine, Edward Lemon, and Natalie Hall, “No Space Left to Run: China’s Transnational Repression of Uyghurs,” The Oxus Society for Central Asian Affairs and Uyghur Human Rights Project, June 2021, https://oxussociety. org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/transnational-repression_final_202106-24-1.pdf. 16 17 Freedom House interview, January 2022. John Beck, “The Spies Next Door: China’s covert campaign to intimidate Uighur exiles,” Harper’s Magazine, April 2022, https://harpers.org/ archive/2022/04/the-spies-next-door-uighur-exiles-turkey-intimidation/. 18 Department of Justice, “Five Individuals Charged Variously with Stalking, Harassing and Spying on U.S. Residents on Behalf of the PRC Secret Police,” March 16, 2022, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/five-individuals-chargedvariously-stalking-harassing-and-spying-us-residents-behalf-prc-0. 19 United States District Court, Eastern District of New York, “United States of America against Qiming Lin,” Amended Complaint and Affidavit in Support of Arrest Warrant, https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/ file/1484296/download. 20 The Daily, “A Woman’s Journey Through China’s Detention Camps,” The New York Times, December 9, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/09/podcasts/ the-daily/a-womans-journey-through-chinas-detention-camps.html. 21 Voice of America, “US Activist Accused of Breaching HK’s Security Law Says He Will Not Back Down,” August 2, 2020, https://www.voanews.com/a/ east-asia-pacific_us-activist-accused-breaching-hks-security-law-says-he-willnot-back-down/6193812.html. 9 Freedom House interview, February 2022. The interviewee preferred to remain anonymous, and the quote was altered so as not to reveal the actual code she uses in her conversations. 10 11 Freedom House interview with US-based Kashmiri academic, January 2022. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Transnational Repression,” https://www.fbi. gov/investigate/counterintelligence/transnational-repression. 22 Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Chinese Government Transnational Repression Violates US Laws and US-based Uyghurs’ Rights,” Unclassified Counterintelligence Bulletin, August 11, 2021. 23 Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Foreign Government Officials Facilitate Transnational Repression against US-based Victims,” Unclassified Counterintelligence Bulletin, January 6, 2022. 24 Nate Schenkkan and Isabel Linzer, “Out of Sight, Not Out of Reach: The Global Scale and Scope of Transnational Repression,” (Washington, DC: Freedom House, February 2021), https://freedomhouse.org/sites/ default/files/2021-02/Complete_FH_TransnationalRepressionReport2021_ rev020221.pdf. 12 Abdi Latif Dahir, “‘Hotel Rwanda’ Hero, in Jailhouse Interview, Says He Was Duped Into Arrest,” The New York Times, September 17, 2021, https:// www.nytimes.com/2020/09/17/world/africa/paul-rusesabagina-rwandainterview.html. 13 18 @FreedomHouse See section D4, “United States: Freedom in the World 2022,” Freedom House, https://freedomhouse.org/country/united-states/freedom-world/2022; Rachel Levinson-Waldman, Harsha Panduranga and Faiza Patel, “Social Media Surveillance by the U.S. Government,” Brennan Center for Justice, January 7, 2022, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/ social-media-surveillance-us-government. 25 #TransnationalRepression