Acknowledgments This project has incurred many debts over the years. It would not have been possible without funding from the National Science Foundation’s Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grant (#1433642), the American Institute for Yemeni Studies’ Pre-Dissertation Fellowship, several Kugelman Citizen Peacebuilding Research Fellowships, the Center for Global Peace and Conflict Studies’ Research Award, funding from the Center for the Study of Democracy and the Department of Sociology at University of California, Irvine (UCI), and a Type I Faculty Research Grant from the University of Pittsburgh. I am especially grateful to all of the members of UCI’s Center for Citizen Peacebuilding – and especially Larry and Dulcie Kugelman – for their exemplary enthusiasm for graduate student research. Parts of this book have appeared previously in Social Forces (Moss 2020) and Social Problems (Moss 2016b). I thank the editors at Oxford University Press for permission to reprint parts of these articles here. I do not have the words to adequately thank the activists and organizers who spent many precious hours speaking with me about their experiences. Many went out of their way to facilitate my fieldwork, host me in their homes, share meals, and help me find my way, literally and figuratively. Special thanks are due (in no particular order) to Rabyaah Althaibani and her family, Ibrahim Al Qataby, Mazen Obaid, Safa Mubgar and the girls, Adel Aulaqi, Shaima Saif, the Al-Hakimi family, the Mashjari family, Ilham Ali, Khaled Ahmed, Ayat Mneina, Abdallah Omeish, Rihab Elhaj, Walid Raghei and his parents, and Gihan Badi and her family for their gracious assistance and overwhelming hospitality. I certainly would not have made it to Libya and back, given the timing of my trip after the 2013 attack on the US consulate in Benghazi, without Abdallah, Rihab, and Walid. Thanks also to the many organizers I met along the way who invited and welcomed me to their events. xi https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009272148 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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