DEFENDING DEMOCRACY IN EXILE Policy Responses to Transnational Repression Ohne Kenntnis Unseres Staates Nicht Geschehen” [This Must Not Happen Secretly Without the Knowledge of Our State], Deutschlandfunk, March 28, 2017, https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/tuerkische-spionage-geheim-darf-dasohne-kenntnis-unseres-100.html. “Turkey: Transnational Repression Case Study,” in Nate Schenkkan and Isabel Linzer, Out of Sight, Not Out of Reach: The Global Scale and Scope of Transnational Repression, (Washington, DC: Freedom House, February 2021), https://freedomhouse.org/report/transnational-repression/turkey. 16 Attila Mong, “For Turkish Journalists in Berlin Exile, Threats Remain, But in Different Forms,” Committee to Protect Journalists, July 18, 2019, https://cpj. org/2019/07/for-turkish-journalists-in-berlin-exile-threats-re/. 17 George Mascolo, “Türken In Deutschland Werden Ausspioniert” [Turks In Germany Are Being Spied On], Süddeutsche Zeitung, March 27, 2017, https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/ exklusiv-tuerken-in-deutschland-werden-ausspioniert-1.3438995. 18 Bruno Waterfield, “EU Punishes Belarus For Forced Landing Of Roman Protasevich Flight,” The Times, June 21, 2021, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/ article/eu-punishes-belarus-for-forced-landing-of-roman-protasevich-flight32ccbl5nc; Hans Von Der Burchard, “Germany Threatens Sanctions ‘Spiral’ Unless Belarus Frees Prisoners,” Politico, May 27, 2021, https://www.politico.eu/ article/germany-warns-alexander-lukashenko-belarus-spiral-of-sanctions/; Hans Von Der Burchard, “Merkel Demands Immediate Release Of Belarus Activist And Partner,” Politico, May 24, 2021, https://www.politico.eu/article/angelamerkel-calls-for-eu-sanctions-against-belarus-over-ryanair-plane-hijacking/. 26 “Germany, Other Countries Expel Russian Diplomats Over Skripal Poisoning,” Deustche Welle, March 26, 2018, https://www.dw.com/en/germany-othercountries-expel-russian-diplomats-over-skripal-poisoning/a-43138074 ; German Bundestag, “Auf Die Kleine Anfrage Der Abgeordneten Sevim Dağdelen, Heike Hänsel, Dr. André Hahn, Weiterer Abgeordneter Und Der Fraktion [Question From Deputies Sevim Dağdelen, Heike Hänsen, Dr. André Hahn], July 28, 2020, https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/19/213/1921318.pdf 27 Jamie Dettmer, “Smaller European Nations Uneasy as Germany’s Scholz Plans to Meet Putin,” Voice of America, January 3, 2022, https://www.voanews. com/a/smaller-european-nations-uneasy-as-germany-scholz-plans-to-meetputin/6379981.html. 28 Nate Schenkkan and Isabel Linzer, Out of Sight, Not Out of Reach: The Global Scale and Scope of Transnational Repression, (Washington, DC: Freedom House, February 2021), https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/ Complete_FH_TransnationalRepressionReport2021_rev020221.pdf. 19 Dominik Tolksdorf, “How Germany’s New Government Might Pursue Its “Values-Based” Foreign Policy in Europe,” Just Security, December 22, 2021, https://www.justsecurity.org/79618/how-germanys-new-government-mightpursue-its-values-based-foreign-policy-in-europe/. 29 Bettina Borgfeld, “German Court Jails Vietnamese Man For Helping Kidnap Ex-Executive,” Reuters, July 25, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/ us-germany-vietnam/german-court-jails-vietnamese-man-for-helping-kidnapex-executive-idUSKBN1KF1W0. 20 Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschland (SPD), Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen Und Den Freien Demokraten (FDP) [German Social Democratic Party (SPD), Alliance 90/The Greens, and the Free Democratic Party (FDP)], “Mehr Fortschritt Wagen: Bündnis Für Freiheit, Gerechtigkeit Und Nachhaltigkeit” [Dare More Progress: Alliance For Liberty, Justice And Sustainability], p. 145, https://cms.gruene.de/uploads/documents/Koalitionsvertrag-SPD-GRUENEFDP-2021-2025.pdf. 30 Frank Jordans, “Germany Expels Russian Diplomats Over State-Ordered Killing,” Associated Press, December 15, 2021, https://apnews.com/article/ europe-russia-germany-foreign-policy-moscow-00406c5409443089310c725 441d30915. 21 Riham Alkousaa, “Germany Expels Second Vietnamese Diplomat Over ‘Cold War-Style’ Abduction,” Reuters, September 22, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/ article/us-germany-vietnam/germany-expels-second-vietnamese-diplomatover-cold-war-style-abduction-idUSKCN1BX1TD; German Bundestag, “Auf Die Kleine Anfrage Der Abgeordneten Sevim Dağdelen, Heike Hänsel, Dr. André Hahn, Weiterer Abgeordneter Und Der Fraktion,” [Question From Deputies Sevim Dağdelen, Heike Hänsen, Dr. André Hahn], July 28, 2020, https://dserver. bundestag.de/btd/19/213/1921318.pdf. 22 Nicholas Kulish and Alan Cowell, “4 Diplomats From Syria Are Expelled by Germany,” New York Times, February 9, 2012, https://www.nytimes. com/2012/02/10/world/europe/germany-expels-four-syrian-diplomats-in-spycase.html; German Bundestag, “Auf Die Kleine Anfrage Der Abgeordneten Sevim Dağdelen, Heike Hänsel, Dr. André Hahn, Weiterer Abgeordneter Und Der Fraktion [Question from Deputies Sevim Dağdelen, Heike Hänsen, Dr. André Hahn]. 23 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, “Germany Fact Sheet,” March 11, 2021, https://www.unhcr.org/dach/wp-content/uploads/ sites/27/2021/03/Bi-annual-fact-sheet-2021_Germany_1103_final-External.pdf. 31 Paula Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, “Statistics: Germany,” Asylum Information Database, last modified April 21, 2022, https://asylumineurope.org/reports/ country/germany/statistics/. 32 Christoph Hasselbach, “Five Years On: How Germany’s Refugee Policy Has Fared,” Deutsche Welle, August 25, 2020, https://www.dw.com/en/five-yearson-how-germanys-refugee-policy-has-fared/a-54660166; Freedom House, “Freedom in the World, 2021: Germany,” https://freedomhouse.org/country/ germany/freedom-world/2021. 33 Holly Young, “Asylum Requests: A Good Interpreter Can Make All The Difference,” InfoMigrants, November 17, 2021, https://www.infomigrants.net/fr/ post/6160/asylum-requests-a-good-interpreter-can-make-all-the-difference. 34 “Sanctions Germany 2022,” ICLG.com, https://iclg.com/practice-areas/ sanctions/germany, accessed May 9, 2022. 24 German Bundestag, “Auf Die Kleine Anfrage Der Abgeordneten Sevim Dağdelen, Heike Hänsel, Dr. André Hahn, Weiterer Abgeordneter Und Der Fraktion [Question from Deputies Sevim Dağdelen, Heike Hänsen, Dr. André Hahn], July 28, 2020, https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/19/213/1921318.pdf. 25 12 @FreedomHouse Ben Knight, “Turkey Spies Betraying Asylum Seekers In German Immigration Offices,” Deutsche Welle, October 16, 2017, https://www.dw.com/en/turkeyspies-betraying-asylum-seekers-in-german-immigration-offices/a-40974950; Holly Young, “Asylum Requests: A Good Interpreter Can Make All The Difference.” 35 #TransnationalRepression