OUT OF SIGHT, NOT OUT OF REACH The Global Scale and Scope of Transnational Repression Not all Red Notices and their notifying governments are made public. Special thanks to Theodore Bromund of the Heritage Foundation for pointing this figure out; Interpol, “View Red Notices,” accessed December 17, 2020, https://www.interpol.int/en/How-we-work/Notices/View-Red-Notices. 185 Matt Apuzzo, “How Strongmen Turned Interpol Into Their Personal Weapon,” New York Times, March 22, 2019, https://www.nytimes. com/2019/03/22/world/europe/interpol-most-wanted-red-notices.html; Natasha Bertrand, “He Fought Corruption in Russia. ICE Wants to Deport Him,” Politico, September 3, 2020, https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/03/ gregory-duralev-ice-deportation-408607. uk-and-europe/2020/02/17/v-like-vympel-fsbs-secretive-department-v-behindassassination-of-zelimkhan-khangoshvili/. Civil Rights Defenders, “Chechnya-Repression Without Borders,” November 22, 2016, https://crd.org/2016/11/22/chechnya-repression-without-borders/. 198 186 “AP: ‘Digital Hit List’ Provides Evidence of Hackers’ Links to Kremlin,” National Public Radio, November 2, 2017, https://www.npr.org/2017/11/02/561521906/ ap-digital-hit-list-provides-evidence-of-hackers-links-to-kremlin. 187 Freedom House interview with Russian human rights defender, December 2019. 199 Elena Milashina, “Чеченцы в Европе” [Chechens in Europe], Novaya Gazeta, July 15, 2019, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CBjW54ZpImgHo5KLwgp Qgi4kBifzgBx6/view. 200 International Crisis Group, “ISIS Returnees Bring Both Hope and Fear to Chechnya,” March 26, 2018, https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/ caucasus/chechnya-russia/isis-returnees-bring-both-hope-and-fear-chechnya. 201 Foreign Policy Centre, “The Pushback of Asylum Seekers from the North Caucasus and Central Asia at the Polish Border,” December 4, 2017, https://fpc. org.uk/pushback-asylum-seekers-north-caucasus-central-asia-polish-border/. 202 Andrei Soldatov and Irina Borogan, The Compatriots: The Brutal and Chaotic History of Russia’s Exiles, Émigrés, and Agents Abroad, New York: Public Affairs, 2019. 188 Marcin Wyrwał and Małgorzata Żmudka, “Poland vs. Azamat Baiduyev: How an EU Member State Deported a Chechen Refugee Back to Face the Kadyrov Regime,” Open Democracy, September 21, 2018, https://www.opendemocracy. net/en/odr/poland-azamat-baiduyev-deportation-kadyrov/; Interview with European human rights defender, March 2020. 203 189 Freedom House interview with Russian exile, March 2020. European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights, “No Justice in Sight for Grave Crimes in Chechnya,” accessed December 17, 2020, https://www. ecchr.eu/en/case/no-justice-in-sight-for-grave-crimes-in-chechnya/; “Memorial Human Rights Center Says Four Men Kidnapped in Chechnya,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, February 7, 2020, https://www.rferl.org/a/memorialhuman-rights-center-says-four-men-kidnapped-in-chechnya/30422198.html; Amnesty International, “Russia: 10 Years Since the Killing of Chechen Human Rights Defender Natalia Estemirova, No Justice in Sight,” July 15, 2019, https:// www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/07/russia-10-years-since-the-killingof-chechen-human-rights-defender-natalia-estemirova-no-justice-in-sight/; Human Rights Watch, “‘They Have Long Arms and They Can Find Me:’ Anti-Gay Purge by Local Authorities in Russia’s Chechen Republic,” May 26, 2017, https:// www.hrw.org/report/2017/05/26/they-have-long-arms-and-they-can-find-me/ anti-gay-purge-local-authorities-russias. 190 International Crisis Group, “Chechnya: The Inner Abroad,” June 30, 2015, https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/caucasus/ russianorth-caucasus/chechnya-inner-abroad. 191 CJ Chivers, “Slain Exile Detailed Cruelty of the Ruler of Chechnya,” New York Times, January 31, 2009, https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/01/world/ europe/01torture.html. 192 “Have Russian Hitmen Been Killing with Impunity in Turkey?,” British Broadcasting Corporation, December 13, 2016, https://www.bbc.com/news/ magazine-38294204. 193 Andrew Roth, “Outspoken Chechen Blogger Found Murdered in Lille,” Guardian, February 3, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/03/ outspoken-chechen-blogger-found-murdered-in-lille. 194 “The Blogger Who Hit Back against a Hammer-Wielding Russian ‘Assassin,’” British Broadcasting Corporation, June 16, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/ stories-53066537. 195 “Russian Shot Dead Near Vienna Was Reportedly a Kadyrov Critic,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, July 5, 2020, https://www.rferl.org/a/russian-asylumseeker-austria-murder/30706727.html. 196 “‘V’ For ‘Vympel:’ FSB’s Secretive Department ‘V’ Behind Assassination of Georgian Asylum Seeker in Germany,” Bellingcat, February 17, 2020, https://www.bellingcat.com/news/ 197 68 @FreedomHouse 204 Elena Milashina, “Чеченцы в Европе” [Chechens in Europe], Novaya Gazeta, July 15, 2019, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CBjW54ZpImgHo5KLwgp Qgi4kBifzgBx6/view. “Chechen Asylum-Seeker Extradited from Germany Reported Killed,” OC Media, August 26, 2020, https://oc-media.org/ chechen-asylum-seeker-extradited-from-germany-reported-killed/. 205 Caucasian Knot, @Кавказский Узел, “Кадыров угрожает эмигрантам из Чечни” [Kadyrov Threatens Emigrants from Chechnya], June 8, 2016, 206 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOcdFuFXyIs. “Кадыров создал агентство для помощи ‘хорошим’ чеченцам в Европе” [Kadyrov Created Agency for Assistance to “Good” Chechens 207 in Europe], Caucasian Knot, August 29, 2020, https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/ articles/353573/; Valery Dzutsati, “Chechnya’s Ramzan Kadyrov Announces Creation of New Agency Focused on Compatriots Abroad,” Jamestown Foundation, September 9, 2020, https://jamestown.org/program/ chechnyas-ramzan-kadyrov-announces-creation-of-new-agency-focused-oncompatriots-abroad/. Freedom House documented physical cases of transnational repression in eight countries, as well as “everyday” forms of transnational repression in a ninth country. 208 GC, “The Rise of Muhammad bin Salman,” Economist, November 14, 2017, https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/11/14/the-rise-ofmuhammad-bin-salman; Margherita Stancati and Summer Said, “Saudi Arabian Arrest Wave Shows Crown Prince’s Bid to Control Change,” Wall Street Journal, June 5, 2018, https://www.wsj.com/articles/saudi-arabian-arrest-waveshows-crown-princes-bid-to-control-change-1528191000. 209 Bradley Hope and Justin Scheck, “‘This Plane Is Not Going to Land in Cairo:’ Saudi Prince Sultan Boarded a Flight in Paris. Then, He Disappeared,” Vanity Fair, August 25, 2020, https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2020/08/how-saudiprince-sultan-disappeared; Ayman M. Mohyeldin, “No One Is Safe: How Saudi Arabia Makes Dissidents Disappear,” Vanity Fair, July 29, 2019, https://www. vanityfair.com/news/2019/07/how-saudi-arabia-makes-dissidents-disappear. 210 #TransnationalRepression